不同施肥结构对红菜园土有机质、酸性和交换性能的影响

采用田间小区试验研究不同施肥结构和酸调理剂对由第四纪红土发育的酸性红菜园土的有机质、酸性以及交换性能的影响.结果表明,化肥+石灰(NPK+ CaO)和化肥+氧化镁(NPK+ MgO)处理的土壤pH极显著高于其他各处理,并且能显著降低土壤交换态铝的含量,而酸化调理剂2号(NPKSR2)对土壤pH的提高又显著高于其他各处理,土壤pH与土壤交换性铝离子呈负相关;各施肥处理均能提高土壤有机质含量,以化肥+菜枯(NPK+OM)处理效果最佳,该处理土壤有机质含量平均达16.71 g/kg,酸化调理剂2号(NPKSR2)也能显著提高土壤有机质含量;化肥+石灰(NPK+ CaO)和化肥+氧化镁(NPK+MgO)处理提高土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)和有效阳离子交换量(ECEC)效果最显著,酸化调理剂2号(NPKSR2)又优于其他各处理,化肥+氧化镁(NPK+ MgO)处理能有效提高土壤交换性盐基离子各组成的含量;化肥(NPK)和酸化调理剂2号(NPKSR2)处理均能缓慢提高蔬菜作物产量,而其他各处理蔬菜作物产量均不稳定.     

Absorption spectra of humic acids

For the purpose of explaining the forming process of soil humic acids, the author determined the absorption spectra of various humic acids. From soils and peats which were pretreated with 5% HCl at 70°C for 30 minutes or from those which were not, humic acids were extracted by treating with 0.5% NaOH at boiling temperature for 30 minutes. In these humic acids, the one which is extracted after acid pretreatment is provisionally designated as SrL humic acid and the other as L humic acid. The supernatant alkaline solutions obtained by centrifuging the above mentioned extracts were acidified with hydrochloric acid, and precipitated humic acids were filtered and washed with water until Cl' free. Humic acids were dissolved in 0.1% NaOH and ultrafiltered using collodion membrane. The filtrates were acidified with hydrochloric acid and humic acids were collected by centrifuging, transferred on the filter paper, washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and water successively, then air-dried and pulverized.     

Studies on the properties of organic matfer in buried humic horizon derived from volcanic ash

To investigate the relationship between the change of humus property and time factor, the humus composition in the buried humic horizons with the age from 28,000 years B.P. to the present was studied, according to the method presented by Kumada et al. (7).

The fH decreased with the elapse of time and in case of most of humus in the buried humic horizons with the age over 10,000 years, the fH became lower than 40 and were in the form of so-called ‘combined’ humus.

When 3,000-4,000 years have passed since the surface soil buried, the humic acid first moved . to ‘combined form.’ Second, after over 10,000 years, the fulvic acid moved to ‘combined form.’

The humification of ‘free’ humic acid proceeded with the elapse of time till around 5,000 years but of 'combined' humic acid till around 7,000 years. Both the humification-degree of ‘free’ humic acid after around 5,000 years and of ‘combined’ humic acid after around 7,000 years decreased. The humification-degree of ‘free’ and ‘combined’ humic acid from the samples with the age about 15,000 years B.P. to 28,000 years B.P. may be the same.     

Surface-active properties of particle size fractions in two humic acids

The relationships between surface active properties and humic acid (HA) particle sizes were investigated. Two HAs from an Ando soil and a Brown forest soil were separated into 6 particle size fractions by gel permeation chromatography. Surface-active properties characterized by surface excess value (\gT mol cm^-2), cross-sectional surface area per molecule (A nm²), critical micelle concentration (CMC g L^-1), efficiency and effectiveness of water surface tension reduction were obtained by the measurement of the surface tension of HA solutions from different particle size fractions. For the HA from the Ando soil, except for the smallest particle size fraction, increasing particle size enhanced the efficiency of reduction of the water surface tension and decreased the CMC, while the effectiveness of reduction of the water surface tension was about the same. The surface activity of the HA from the Ando soil increased with increasing particle size. This phenomenon was similar to the surface activity of a homologous series of surfactants, which increased with increasing alkyl chain length. For the HA from the Brown forest soil, the smallest particle size fraction and three large fractions showed a high efficiency, namely a high surface activity. The smallest fraction from the Brown forest soil showed the highest efficiency and the lowest CMC value. In both HAs, the smallest particle size fraction showed exceptional surface-active properties compared with the other fractions and three fractions with large particle size showed a higher surface activity than other smaller fractions.     

Fractionation of soil humic acids by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of concentrated urea

To separate soil humic acids (HAs) into their constituents and characterize them, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was carried out in the presence of 7 M urea using a preparative electrophoresis system. Two types of soil HAs were fractionated into nine fractions by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents were recovered from the electrophoretic fractions by precipitation on acidification, and the brown-colored constituents dissolved in the acidic solution of fast-moving fractions were recovered by adsorption onto DAX-8 resin. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) confirmed that the constituents of the HAs were separated based on their molecular size by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents exhibited higher degrees of humification than did the corresponding unfractionated HAs, except for the constituents remaining in the electrophoretic gels at the end of electrophoresis. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed that the chemical properties of the dark-colored constituents changed regularly: the content of carboxyl groups decreased and the proportions of proteinous, aliphatic and polysaccharide moieties increased with increasing molecular size. The humification degrees of the constituents adsorbed onto DAX-8 resin were considerably lower than those of the corresponding unfractionated HAs. The chemical properties of the DAX-8-adsorbed constituents were different from those of the dark-colored constituents. Observation of electrophoretic fractions under blue light (470 nm) and HPSEC with fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength of 460 nm and an emission wavelength of 520 nm showed that green fluorescent substances were largely concentrated in the smallest molecular size fractions and were partitioned into both the dark-colored precipitates and DAX-8-adsorbed fractions. The proportion of organic carbon recovered by precipitation and adsorption onto DAX-8 resin was 45–63%, indicating that substantial parts of the HA constituents were missing. The unrecovered constituents were considered to be acid-soluble, nearly colorless substances. The dissociation of the acid-soluble constituents from the acid-insoluble dark-colored constituents during the preparative PAGE of soil HAs was ascribed to disruption of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions caused by concentrated urea.     

Effect of Citrate Concentration on the Extraction Efficiency of Selected Micronutrients from Soil

This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of citrate concentration on the extraction efficiency of some micronutrients from soil. Composite surface soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from Eastern Harage Zone (Babile and Haramaya Districts), Wolaita Zone (Damot Sore, Boloso Bombe, Damot Pulasa and Humbo Districts) and Dire Dawa Administrative Council in purposive sampling. The treatments were arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. A greenhouse pot experiment with soybean plant was conducted to determine the correlation between soil test methods and the selected micronutrients, such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the leaves of the plant. The results showed that, among the different citrate concentrations with strontium chloride (SrCl₂) tested for the determination of available Fe, Mn and Zn, the highest correlation coefficients (r = 0.82, p < 0.05), (r = 0.96, p < 0.001) and (r = 0.98, p < 0.001) were found between the diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) method and 0.02 M strontium chloride (SrCl₂)-0.025 M citric acid extractant, respectively. Therefore, 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.025 M citric acid extractant is considered to be the most effective for the determination of Fe, Mn and Zn in soils of the studied areas. Similarly, high correlation coefficients (r = 0.97, p < 0.001) were found between DTPA and 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.05 M citric acid and (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) between DTPA and 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.025 M citric acid extractants for the determination of available Cu from soils. Hence, the 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.05 M citric acid extractant was shown to be the best for the determination of Cu in soils of the studied areas. However, considering the use of universal extractant, the 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.025 M citric acid extractant could easily be adopted as a procedure for the determination of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn for both agricultural and environmental purposes. The greenhouse experiment confirmed the result.     

干湿交替灌溉与施氮耦合对水稻根际环境的影响

为了探讨不同水氮耦合对水稻根际土壤环境及根系分泌有机酸总量的影响,以新稻20号为材料,进行盆栽试验,设置浅水层、轻度(-20 k Pa)和重度干湿交替灌溉(-40 k Pa)3种灌溉方式及不施氮肥,中氮(normal nitrogen,MN,240 kg/hm~2)和高氮(high nitrogen,HN,360 kg/hm~2)3种氮肥水平9个处理。结果表明:轻度干湿交替灌溉及中氮增加了土壤酶活性,提高土壤中微生物数量,根系分泌有机酸总量显著提高(P0.05);重度干湿交替灌溉及重施氮肥则降低土壤酶活性及微生物的数量,显著(P0.05)减少根系分泌有机酸的总量;相关分析表明:根际土壤酶活性及微生物数量与不同生育期根系分泌有机酸总量呈显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)的正相关关系。土壤酶活性、微生物数量及有机酸总量的供氮效应为正效应,轻度干湿交替灌溉供水效应及耦合效应均为正效应,而重度干湿交替灌溉的控水及耦合效应则为负效应。研究可为通过水氮耦合调控水稻良好的根际环境提供依据。     

适应玉米的溶磷细菌筛选及其对玉米生长的影响

从石灰性土壤中分离获得4株高效溶磷细菌X5、X6、Z4和Z8,研究其生物学特征,探索其单独及复合的溶磷促生潜能。研究发现菌株X5、X6、Z4和Z8均可以利用玉米根系分泌物作碳源生长。菌株X6和Z4均能产生吲哚乙酸(IAA)和铁载体,菌株Z8可产生IAA不产生铁载体,菌株X5可产生铁载体不产生IAA。盆栽试验结果表明,接种单一溶磷菌及4株菌复合处理均可促进玉米生长,但复合菌群的溶磷促生效果显著高于单一菌株。通过16S r RNA基因序列分析研究菌株的分类地位,初步鉴定X5、X6、Z4、Z8分别为荧光假单孢菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)、草假单胞菌(Pseudomonas poae)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。     

柠檬酸对西瓜幼苗铝毒害的缓解作用

为了探究柠檬酸对西瓜幼苗铝毒害的缓解作用,本试验采用水培法,以早春红玉(耐铝型,HY)和早蜜王(铝敏感型,ZM)2个西瓜品种为材料,用不同柠檬酸浓度(200、400、800、1 200μmol·L~(-1))处理铝胁迫(1 500μmol·L~(-1))下的西瓜幼苗,研究不同柠檬酸浓度对西瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,铝胁迫对HY和ZM幼苗的生长和生理均产生了明显的毒害作用,与HY相比,ZM受毒害的程度更大。加入柠檬酸后,铝对HY和ZM的毒害作用得到了有效的缓解,且缓解效果存在浓度差异,在一定浓度范围内(≤800μmol·L~(-1)),随着柠檬酸浓度增加缓解效果增强,其中以800μmol·L~(-1)效果最佳;当浓度增至1 200μmol·L~(-1)时,缓解效果反而减弱。柠檬酸对ZM的缓解作用强于HY,同时随着处理时间的延长柠檬酸缓解效果越明显。综上所述,柠檬酸能够有效缓解铝对西瓜幼苗的毒害作用,以400~800μmol·L~(-1)解毒效果最佳。本研究结果为明确柠檬酸缓解西瓜铝毒害作用机制以及西瓜优质高产栽培提供了理论依据。     

聚乳酸生物降解地膜对土壤温度及棉花产量的影响

随着地膜残留污染问题的加剧,降解地膜的应用研究越来越受到关注。通过普通塑料地膜与2种不同厚度聚乳酸生物降解地膜的田间对比试验,研究聚乳酸生物降解地膜降解状况及对土壤温度和棉花产量的影响。结果表明:聚乳酸生物降解地膜在覆膜17~22 d后进入诱导期,60 d后逐渐进入破裂期,130 d左右进入崩裂期。在棉花生长苗期,生物降解膜膜内增温缓慢,白天平均土壤温度普通膜分别高于18μm降解膜和15μm降解膜膜0.8℃和6.2℃。但夜间降解膜膜内平均温度较稳定,保温效果好,膜内温度高于普通地膜1℃左右。18μm聚乳酸降解膜与普通膜相比对棉花产量的影响无显著性差异,而15μm聚乳酸降解膜使棉花减产8.9%。研究表明,聚乳酸生物降解地膜厚度选为18μm较为合适,且具有良好的降解性,可满足棉花的生长需要,有望替代普通地膜在农田中推广使用。