酿酒酵母菌及其灭活菌对绵羊瘤胃外植体β-防御素-1(SBD-1)表达的影响

旨在探索益生性酿酒酵母菌及其灭活菌对绵羊瘤胃外植体内β-防御素-1(sheep beta-defensin-1,SBD-1)表达的影响。本研究建立了绵羊瘤胃外植体培养方法,将不同浓度(10~4、10~5、10~6、10~7、10~8、10~9 CFU·mL^-1)的酿酒酵母菌及其灭活菌与外植体共培养24 h后,通过qPCR和ELISA方法检测瘤胃外植体内SBD-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达变化,以分别确定活菌及其灭活菌诱导SBD-1表达最高的菌液浓度;然后用该浓度的活菌及其灭活菌对瘤胃外植体进行不同时间(2、4、8、12、16、20、24 h)的刺激,同样用qPCR和ELISA方法检测瘤胃外植体内SBD-1 mRNA及蛋白的表达变化,从而筛选出活菌及其灭活菌诱导SBD-1表达的最佳时间。结果表明,益生性酿酒酵母菌及其灭活菌均能显著促进绵羊瘤胃外植体SBD-1的表达(P<0.05)。当酿酒酵母菌浓度为10~7 CFU·mL^-1、灭活菌浓度为10~8 CFU·mL^-1分别诱导绵羊瘤胃外植体16 h时,SBD-1表达量分别达到最大,且二者与对照相比均呈极显著差异(P<0.01)。在最佳诱导条件下对比二者的诱导效果,酿酒酵母菌活菌高于其灭活菌。因此,益生性酿酒酵母菌及其灭活菌均能促进绵羊瘤胃外植体内SBD-1的表达,且活菌浓度为10~7 CFU·mL^-1、灭活菌浓度为10~8 CFU·mL^-1分别诱导16 h时,绵羊瘤胃外植体内的SBD-1的表达量分别达到最大,并且益生性酿酒酵母菌的诱导效果高于其灭活菌。     

酿酒酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变对细胞自噬和液泡形态的影响

[目的]探讨酿酒酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变对细胞自噬和液泡形态的影响.[方法]通过尼罗红染色观察酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变后脂滴的形态;用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记细胞自噬蛋白Atg8后,采用荧光显微镜和免疫印迹试验检测突变体细胞自噬的发生情况,并使用荧光染料FM4-64检测液泡形态;此外,检测相关突变体对吩嗪-1-羧酸(申嗪霉素)的敏感性.[结果]在营养有限条件下,酿酒酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变体中脂滴的大小或数量受到不同程度的影响,但细胞自噬在常规检测条件下正常;其中磷脂酸胞苷转移酶编码基因CDS1突变导致液泡形态异常(碎片化),而其他磷脂合成相关基因突变不影响液泡形态;回补CDS1后,cds1-DAmP突变体中液泡形态恢复正常;此外,cds 1-DAmP突变体对吩嗪-1-羧酸处理更为敏感.[结论]酿酒酵母中脂滴和液泡形态异常不一定影响细胞自噬的正常进行,但可能影响其对外界环境的响应.     

Re-examination of inhibitor resistance conferred by Qo-site mutations in cytochrome b using yeast as a model system

Cytochrome b from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyer ex Hansen) provides a convenient model system for the study of Qo-site inhibitor (QoI) resistance mutations from a variety of organisms. QoI resistance mutations from fungal plant pathogens (G143A and F129L), malaria agent Plasmodium sp (Y279C/S), and Pneumocystis carinii (L275F), an opportunistic pathogenic fungus of man, were introduced into yeast cytochrome b and their effect on the binding of a variety of natural (myxothiazol and stigmatellin) and synthetic (atovaquone, azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin) inhibitors to the bc1 complex monitored. L275S (from a myxothiazol-resistant yeast) was also re-examined. Stigmatellin binding was relatively unaffected by the introduction of these mutations. Significant increases in resistance were observed for the strobilurin-class inhibitors myxothiazol, azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin, with the largest increase in resistance conferred by G143A. In contrast, atovaquone binding was most effected by Y279C/S and L275S. Notably, F129L, G143A and L275S had a minor effect on bc1 activity, and so are unlikely to confer significant fitness penalties in vivo. These data are discussed in the light of the atomic structures for myxothiazol- and azoxystrobin-inhibited bovine bc1 which have recently become available. We propose that QoI resistance due to G143A arises from steric hindrance between the inhibitor and cytochrome b, whereas the mechanism of resistance for the other mutations is due to an increase in binding energy between the protein and inhibitor molecule. Site-directed mutagenesis was also used to model selected regions of the mammalian Qo site in yeast cytochrome b in order to further understand the differential efficacy of these QoI in the mammalian and pathogen bc1 complexes.     

芽孢杆菌、酵母菌及乳杆菌发酵饲料养殖凡纳对虾效果比较

为了探讨不同益生菌发酵饲料养殖对虾的效果,用枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus) 3种益生菌单一及联合发酵对虾饲料,投喂凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei) 28 d,分析对虾的存活、生长及饲料利用情况,检测对虾体内外弧菌(Vibrio)数量及非特异性免疫相关指标变化,同时比较不同组间养殖水体中氨氮及亚硝氮的浓度差异。研究表明,对虾摄食枯草芽孢杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌及复合菌发酵饲料存活率均显著提高(P<0.05),提高率分别达到8.54%、8.54%和9.76%;枯草芽孢杆菌及嗜酸乳杆菌发酵饲料能够显著提高对虾的体长增长率(P<0.05);嗜酸乳杆菌发酵饲料可显著降低对虾的饵料系数(P<0.05);投喂发酵饲料的各实验组养殖至第14、21天时的对虾肝胰腺中弧菌密度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);各实验组中,虾血清总蛋白含量显著高于对照组,投喂嗜酸乳杆菌发酵饲料能够显著提高过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶及酚氧化酶活性(P<0.05),且在养殖末期,投喂不同益生菌发酵饲料均可不同程度地降低养殖后期水体中的氨氮和亚硝氮浓度。综上可知,3种益生菌单一或混合发酵对虾饲料对提高对虾存活率、促进生长及提高免疫力方面均有积极效果,但嗜酸乳杆菌用于对虾饲料发酵的综合效果最佳。本研究为益生菌发酵饲料在对虾健康养殖中的应用提供了理论依据。     

酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)WBG3菌株发酵特性研究

通过对酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)WBG3进行菌株发酵特性的研究,旨在获得一株性能良好的2,3-丁二醇(2,3-BD)生产菌株。本研究采用摇瓶发酵法,改变发酵过程中的底物浓度、溶氧量和酸碱浓度,紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)检测2,3-BD合成途径中关键中间产物(丙酮酸、α-乙酰乳酸、乙偶姻)含量和发酵产物浓度。结果表明:S. cerevisiae WBG3菌株生长良好,在80 g/L葡萄糖、30℃和200 r/min条件下,丙酮酸、α-乙酰乳酸和乙偶姻含量分别达到0.10±0.03 g/L、3.38±0.06 g/L和0.17±0.02 g/L,乙醇转化率最低为0.44±0.02 g/g。添加乙酸后,甘油产量和乙醇转化率分别较对照组降低了9.5%和10%,2,3-BD的最终产量为0.36±0.02 g/L。因此,S. cerevisiae WBG3具备生产2,3-BD的潜力。     

中国红豆杉紫杉烷10β-羟化酶的分子克隆及在酿酒酵母中的表达

天然产物紫杉醇是一种重要的抗癌药。其天然来源的匮乏和缺少商业上可行的化学全合成促进了对紫杉醇生物来源的深入研究。紫杉醇的生物合成是一个复杂的多步过程,主要包括四环骨架的构建和加入各种羟基和酰基基团,其中羟基的加入由细胞色素P450氧化酶催化。我们从中国红豆杉愈伤组织细胞mRNA构建的cDNA文库中克隆得到几个P450 cDNA片段。其中一个长1494bp的cDNA片段,编码497个氨基酸,推断蛋白分子量为56470 Da,等电点为9．42。序列比较显示,这个推断蛋白包含多个细胞色素P450氧化酶的保守区,具有典型的细胞色素P450氧化酶的特征,进一步的比较发现其与已鉴定的东北红豆杉紫杉烷-10β-羟化酶有92％的同源性。将这个cDNA片段连接在质粒pYeDP60上构建表达载体,导入相应的酵母表达菌株WHT和WVS进行表达,获得相应大小的蛋白表达条带,功能鉴定的工作正在进行中。     

Construction of Recombinant Expression Plasmid pYELmleA of mleA Gene and Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

苹果酸－乳酸酶是进行MLF的功能酶。笔者进行酒酒球菌SD-2a的苹果酸－乳酸酶基因重组表达质粒的构建，利用来自重组质粒pLmleA的mleA基因，以PGK1强启动子和ADH1终止子为调控元件，以大肠杆菌－酵母菌穿梭质粒YEp352为载体，构建了重组表达质粒pYELmleA，并转化酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）YS58。酵母转化子用含有亮氨酸、组氨酸和色氨酸的YNB平板筛选鉴定。SDS-PAGE检测表明获得的转化子表达了约60KD的目标蛋白，斑点杂交检测表明目的基因mleA转化到     

低能N+离子注入对酿酒酵母乙醇发酵活性的影响

[目的]研究低能N^＋离子注入对酿酒酵母乙醇发酵活性的影响。[方法]选取scerevisiaeAS2．399作为受体菌,经过不同剂量的低能N^＋离子注入后,确定最佳的注入参数,并研究离子注入对S．cerevisiae AS2．399乙醇发酵效率以及对乙醇发酵关键酶表达的影响。[结果]酿酒酵母As2．399在N^＋注入剂量为10×10^15 ions／cm^2条件下的存活率约为25％,传代培养后菌株发酵乙醇的产率约为0．42g/g（达到理论产率的84％）,相比于原始菌株有微弱提升,而与乙醇发酵相关的丙酮酸脱羧酶和乙醇脱氢酶酶活值分别达到0．53和2．47μmol／ml·min,大于原始菌株的相应酶活。[结论]该研究结果可为采用低能离子注入技术对酿酒酵母改良,以拓宽其利用底物的广度和提高发酵乙醇的效率奠定基础。     

植物乳杆菌对大黄鱼非特异性免疫力的影响

[目的]研究益生菌植物乳杆菌P13对大黄鱼先天免疫力的影响。[方法]用舍植物乳杆菌P13的配方饲料喂养大黄鱼4周后,测定大黄鱼的非特异性免疫指标。[结果]合10^6-10^10cfu／kg Saccharomyces cerevisiae P13的配方饲料可明显提高大黄鱼的补体活性、溶菌酶活性、吞噬活性和头肾白细胞呼吸性。[结论]植物乳杆菌P13能增强大黄鱼先天免疫能力。     

Effects of brewer’s yeast extract on growth performance and health of juvenile pikeperch Sander lucioperca (L.)

Juvenile European pikeperch, Sander lucioperca, were fed commercial feed (group C) or experimental feed supplemented with NuPro^® nucleotide‐rich Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast protein (extract obtained through a cell wall removal process) in doses of 20, 40 or 60 g kg^?1 feed (groups N2, N4, N6) for 8 weeks. Growth, non‐specific immunity parameters, histological structure of the liver and intestine, proximate whole‐body composition and blood biochemical parameters were assayed. It was noted that brewer’s yeast extract has immunomodulatory proprieties. NuPro^® in doses of 40 and 60 g kg^?1 feed strongly stimulated non‐specific (innate) cellular and humoral immunity in pikeperch. The experimental feed did not have a significant impact on pikeperch growth (P > 0.05). The proximate composition of the fish bodies and the hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic (VSI) indices were also not affected, which indicated that the tested diets had no negative impact on the metabolism or deposition of nutrients in fish tissues. The lower levels of transaminases AST and ALT, which were noted in the groups with the two highest doses of NuPro^® (P < 0.05), might indicate improved liver function. It was also demonstrated that the brewer’s yeast extract stimulates the absorption activity of intestinal epithelial cells.