脾酪氨酸激酶参与酿酒酵母甘露聚糖诱导绵羊瘤胃上皮细胞β-防御素-1(SBD-1)的表达

为了探索脾酪氨酸激酶(Syk)是否参与酿酒酵母甘露聚糖(S.c M)诱导绵羊瘤胃上皮细胞(ORECs)β-防御素-1(SBD-1)表达的过程,首先利用免疫组化、RT-PCR和免疫荧光等方法检测Syk在ORECs内的表达情况;然后采用qPCR和Western blot方法检测S.c M刺激ORECs后Syk的表达变化,同时用Western blot方法检测Syk的磷酸化水平;接着用3条Syk特异性siRNAs(#1、#2和#3)转染ORECs 24 h后,qPCR检测Syk mRNA的表达变化,筛选出干扰效果最佳的Syk siRNA;最后用效果最佳的siRNA和Syk特异性抑制剂R406分别处理ORECs后,采用qPCR和ELISA检测SBD-1的表达变化,以确定Syk在S.c M诱导SBD-1表达过程中的作用。结果显示:Syk在ORECs内表达;且S.c M刺激ORECs后Syk的mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著高于未刺激组(P<0.01或P<0.05),S.c M刺激ORECs不同时间(5、15、30、45和60 min)均能使Syk发生磷酸化,且刺激15 min后磷酸化水平达到最大(P<0.01);此外,Syk的3条特异性siRNAs转染ORECs后Syk的表达均降低,且Syk siRNA#2的抑制效果最明显(P<0.01);同时Syk siRNA#2和R406均能极显著降低S.c M诱导ORECs SBD-1的表达(P<0.01)。上述结果表明,Syk参与S.c M诱导ORECs SBD-1的表达。     

不同酿酒酵母体外模拟胃肠道内环境适应性研究

本研究旨在考察不同酿酒酵母菌株在体外模拟胃肠道内环境的适应性,为饲用酿酒酵母的科学使用提供理论依据。试验选择4株酿酒酵母菌株Sc1、Sc2、Sc3、Sc4分别开展:(1)37℃生长试验;(2)酸性酵母膏胨葡萄糖(YPD)肉汤中适应性生长试验;(3)人工胃液耐受性试验;(4)人工肠液耐受性试验。结果显示:Sc2在37℃具有较好的生长适应性,Sc4能够达到最大活菌数;pH3.0和pH4.0的YPD肉汤中4株酿酒酵母都能正常增殖,酿酒酵母Sc2、Sc3、Sc4酸耐受性优于Sc1;各菌株的商品化活性干酵母在人工胃液和人工肠液中2h存活率均高于50%,4h存活率高于45%,Sc4在模拟人工胃液中的耐受性最好,Sc3在模拟人工肠液中的耐受性最好。综上所述,不同酿酒酵母在体外模拟胃肠道内环境的适应性不同,酿酒酵母Sc2、Sc3、Sc4比酿酒酵母Sc1具有更好的胃肠道环境耐受性。     

Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on in vivo organic matter digestibility and milk yield in buffalo cows

The influence of a dietary supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) during the first and the second phase of lactation on dry matter (DM) intake, organic matter digestibility, milk yield and quality and haematological profile was evaluated in buffalo cows. Lactating buffaloes (n = 190), 118.7 days in milk (DIM), were randomly divided into Group C (control, n = 95) and Group T (fed diet supplemented with 98 billion CFU of S. cerevisiae, n = 95). Eight buffaloes for each group (Groups T1 and C1), 85.4 DIM, were used to study the in vivo digestibility and the haematological profile. No differences were found for DM intake (16.5 kg·day^− 1) and haematological profile. The SC supplementation increased milk yield (7.9 ± 0.2 vs. 7.4 ± 0.2; P < 0.01) but did not affect milk fat and protein. SC supplementation increased OM digestibility, mainly, in the first phase of lactation (< 135 days), thus allowing a higher energy availability for milk yield and reduced fat mobilization.     

酿酒酵母发酵液对断奶仔猪生长性能、小肠发育及小肠黏膜免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在探究酿酒酵母(S.cerevisiae)发酵液对断奶仔猪生长性能、小肠发育及小肠黏膜免疫功能的影响。选取平均体重为(6.57±0.13)kg的26日龄"长白×杜洛克"断奶仔猪60头(公母各占1/2),按体重和性别随机分为3个组,每组4个重复,每个重复5头仔猪。3个组分别为:对照组(基础饲粮+300 m L/kg空白培养液)、酿酒酵母发酵液组(基础饲粮+300 m L/kg酿酒酵母发酵液)和抗生素组(基础饲粮+20 mg/kg硫酸黏杆菌素+40 mg/kg杆菌肽锌)。试验期21 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,酿酒酵母发酵液组和抗生素组的平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI)显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01),料重比极显著降低(P0.01);但酿酒酵母发酵液组与抗生素组的以上生长性能指标均无显著差异(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,酿酒酵母发酵液组和抗生素组的十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜总蛋白、DNA和RNA含量显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01);但酿酒酵母发酵液组与抗生素组的以上指标均无显著差异(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,酿酒酵母发酵液组和抗生素组的十二指肠和回肠绒毛高度显著升高(P0.05),十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01);但酿酒酵母发酵液组与抗生素组的以上指标均无显著差异(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,酿酒酵母发酵液组和抗生素组的十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白G和免疫球蛋白M含量均显著或极显著升高(除空肠黏膜免疫球蛋白G外)(P0.05或P0.01);但酿酒酵母发酵液组和抗生素组的以上指标均无显著差异(P0.05)。结果显示,饲粮中添加酿酒酵母发酵液能够提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,促进小肠发育,提高小肠黏膜免疫功能,达到与抗生素相当的效果。提示酿酒酵母发酵液可有效缓解断奶应激,减少或者替代抗生素在断奶仔猪饲粮中的使用,这为研发无抗饲粮提供了有力的理论依据和数据支持。     

酿酒酵母和糖化酵母核倍性融合株的生长与生理特性研究

出发菌株是通过原生质体融合而获得的酿酒酵母（Ｓ．ｃｅｒｅｖｉｓｉａｅ）菌株ＨＵ－ＴＹ－１Ａ与糖化酵母（Ｓ．ｄｉａｓｔａｔｉｃｕｓ）菌株５２０６－１Ｂ的不同核倍性融合株．经对其生长速率、生物量、耐渗性、耐酒精能力以及发酵力等的测定,表明均不同于原双亲株ＨＵ－ＴＹ－１Ａ和５２０６－１Ｂ;同时发现两株性状优异的四倍体菌株：４ＡＢ２－６０和４ＢＡ１－３．在３０℃培养时,其生长速率和生物量略高于亲株或与之相当,４０℃时明显高于双亲株,耐高渗、耐酒精能力高于５２０６－１Ｂ,与ＨＵ－ＴＹ－１Ａ相当;３０℃淀粉发酵与５２０６－１Ｂ接近,４０℃时则优于５２０６－１Ｂ;３０℃葡萄糖发酵,４ＢＡ１－３低于５２０６－１Ｂ,高于ＨＵ－ＴＹ－１Ａ,４ＡＢ２－６０则优于双亲株,４０℃时,４ＡＢ２－６０和４ＢＡ１－３均优于双亲株．同时我们还发现不同倍性的同株融合株之间存在一定的基因表达剂量效应．     

Feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products lessens the severity of a viral–bacterial coinfection in preweaned calves

We have previously reported that supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) ameliorates clinical signs and lung pathology following experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection in preweaned dairy calves. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of SCFP supplementation on the metabolic and endocrine responses, and disease outcome of a viral–bacterial coinfection in preweaned calves. Twenty-seven, 1- to 2-d-old Holstein-Angus cross calves were enrolled in the study; one SCFP calf was removed from the trial during the pre-challenge phase due to complications from nephritis. Calves were assigned to two treatment groups: control or SCFP-treated, base milk replacer with 1 g/d SCFP (Smartcare, soluble formula) and calf starter top dressed with 5 g/d SCFP (NutriTek, insoluble formula). Calves were infected with BRSV on day 21, followed 6 d later by intratracheal inoculation with Pasteurella multocida (PM). Calves were euthanized on day 10 post-viral infection. Calves receiving SCFP had reduced thoracic ultrasonography scores on day 7 post-viral infection (P = 0.03) and a tendency toward reduced scores on day 10 post-viral infection (P = 0.09). Calves receiving SCFP also had less severe lung pathology scores at necropsy (P = 0.06). No differences between treatments were observed in lung viral loads (P = 0.48) or bacterial lung recovery (P = 0.34); however, there was a distinction in the lung location for PM recovery, with PM isolated more frequently from the cranial lobes in SCFP-treated calves, but more frequently from the caudal lobes of control calves. Calves treated with SCFP tended (P = 0.07) to have higher serum IL-6 concentrations following the coinfection. Calves treated with SCFP had lower concentrations of serum nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid compared with controls following experimental challenge (P = 0.03 and P = 0.08, respectively), suggesting metabolic changes favoring growth and development. There were no differences between groups in gene expression of insulin receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), growth hormone receptor, or haptoglobin in the liver. Results from this study suggest that supplementing with SCFP may moderate the impact of a respiratory viral–bacterial coinfection on preweaned calves through metabolic and immune modifications.     

不同酿酒酵母细胞壁对白羽肉鸡生产性能、免疫及肠道微生物的影响

为研究不同酿酒酵母细胞壁对白羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫及肠道微生物的影响,试验选用1日龄科宝肉鸡600羽,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复20羽.空白对照1组饲喂基础日粮,2组饲喂基础日粮+300 g/t酿酒酵母细胞壁A,3组饲喂基础日粮+250 g/t酿酒酵母细胞壁B,4组饲喂基础日粮+1000 g/t酿酒...     

Immune Status and Hepatic Antioxidant Capacity of Gilthead Seabream Sparus aurata Juveniles Fed Yeast and Microalga Derived β-glucans

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with β-glucans extracted from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and microalga (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) on gene expression, oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma immune parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. A practical commercial diet was used as the control (CTRL), and three others based on CTRL were further supplemented with different β-glucan extracts. One was derived from S. cerevisiae (diet MG) and two different extracts of 21% and 37% P. tricornutum-derived β-glucans (defined as Phaeo21 and Phaeo37), to give a final 0.06% β-glucan dietary concentration. Quadruplicate groups of 95 gilthead seabream (initial body weight: 4.1 ± 0.1 g) were fed to satiation three times a day for 8 weeks in a pulse-feeding regimen, with experimental diets intercalated with the CTRL dietary treatment every 2 weeks. After 8 weeks of feeding, all groups showed equal growth performance and no changes were found in plasma innate immune status. Nonetheless, fish groups fed β-glucans supplemented diets showed an improved anti-oxidant status compared to those fed CTRL at both sampling points (i.e., 2 and 8 weeks). The intestinal gene expression analysis highlighted the immunomodulatory role of Phaeo37 diet after 8 weeks, inducing an immune tolerance effect in gilthead seabream intestine, and a general down-regulation of immune-related gene expression. In conclusion, the results suggest that the dietary pulse administration of a P. tricornutum 37% enriched-β-glucans extract might be used as a counter-measure in a context of gut inflammation, due to its immune-tolerant and anti-oxidative effects.     

不同酵母发酵的可可果酒香气成分分析

以可可鲜豆为原料,选取酿酒曲増香高产型、葡萄酒/果酒专用型、32762、1425、1557、葡萄酒/果酒高活性型、1793共7种酿酒酵母进行发酵,利用固相微萃取和气质联用技术分别对7种可可果酒不同发酵阶段的香气成分进行比较。结果表明:发酵2周时,酒液中检出的香气成分分别为41、47、37、39、36、50、35种,其中葡萄酒/果酒高活性型酿制的果酒中香气成分种类较多;可可果酒中香气成分以醇类和酯类为主,主要的酯类成分为辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯、9-十六碳烯酸乙酯,醇类中乙醇和苯乙醇存在较多,其中苯乙醇为呈香成分,这些特征香气成分赋予了可可果酒独特的风味。通过仪器测定和嗅闻感官综合判断,葡萄酒/果酒专用型、葡萄酒/果酒高活性型发酵的可可果酒香气和口感较好,适宜大众口味。     

添加不饱和脂肪酸对酿酒酵母胞内脂肪酸成分和葡萄酒香气的影响

【目的】研究葡萄汁中不饱和脂肪酸（Unsaturated fatty acids,UFAs,包括油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸）含量同时变化对葡萄酒发酵过程中酿酒酵母胞内脂肪酸成分和酿酒香气的影响,为提高葡萄酒品质提供参考。【方法】选用‘美乐’葡萄（Vitis vinifera L.）汁为培养基,试验设置对照组（不添加UFAs,CK）、低浓度UFAs添加组（LFG）和高浓度UFAs添加组（HFG）,比较葡萄酒酒精发酵过程中3个处理组间酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC1118）生长（OD₆₀₀）、细胞内脂肪酸成分以及酿酒香气成分的差异。【结果】提高UFAs浓度能够促进酵母细胞生长以及对UFAs的吸收,使胞内UFAs含量迅速增加,但抑制饱和脂肪酸（C4:0-C24:0）的合成。分析UFAs对葡萄酒香气物质的影响发现,高浓度UFAs能够促进酵母高级醇和乙醇酯类（包括己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯和癸酸乙酯）香气的产生,但抑制了中短链脂肪酸（medium-chain fatty acids,MCFAs,C4:0-C12:0）的产生,对来源于葡萄果实的醛类、单萜和降异戊二烯香气的影响较小。【结论】提高葡萄汁初始UFAs含量能够促进细胞生长,提高葡萄酒发酵速度,有利于乙醇酯类香气物质的合成,从而增强葡萄酒的果香、花香和甜香特征。因此,调控葡萄或葡萄汁中不饱和脂肪酸浓度可以作为调控葡萄酒香气品质的一种重要手段。