油茶5个物种苗期根结线虫病发生情况调查

对广西林科院油茶苗圃中普通油茶Camellia Oleifera、陆川油茶C.vietnamensis、南荣油茶C.nanyongensis、博白大果油茶C.gigantocarapa.和宛田红花油茶C.polyodonta共5个油茶物种的根结线虫病的发生情况进行调查,结果表明：普通油茶发病最为严重,病株率为100%,根结指数为53.8,通过鉴定,该线虫为南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita;南荣油茶和陆川油茶的发病情况较轻,病株率分别为23%和18%,根结指数分别为7.4和5.0;宛田红花油茶和博白大果油茶的病株率分别为4%和2%,根结指数分别为0.8和0.4,发病最轻。     

Carbendazim,at concentrations used on pasture for facial eczema control,reduces development of Trichostrongylus colubriformis when sprayed onto infected sheep faeces

Abstract

AIM: To determine whether the fungicide, carbendazim, as applied to pastures for controlling facial eczema (FE), would inhibit development of the free-living stages of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis.

METHODS: Two studies were conducted, using sheep faeces containing eggs of T. colubriformis. In the first, the faeces were either exposed or not to an application of carbendazim sprayed at the recommended rate for FE control. After spraying, dishes containing the faeces were incubated at 20°C for 14 days, and the resulting third-stage infective larvae (L3) extracted by baermannisation and counted. In addition, naturally infested pasture was also sprayed, and the number of L3 present 7 days later was assessed by cutting herbage samples and extracting larvae by soaking in water and baermannisation. In the second, the faeces were incubated at 20°C for 0, 3 or 7 days before being exposed to no, one or two applications of carbendazim. After further incubation for 14, 11 or 7 days, L3 were similarly extracted by baermannisation and counted.

RESULTS: In the first study, there was a 74% reduction in the number of T. colubriformis larvae recovered from faeces exposed to carbendazim compared with faeces not exposed, but there was no reduction in the number of L3 recovered from herbage. In the second study, faeces incubated for 0 or 3 days prior to exposure to a single application of carbendazim yielded 98% or 89% fewer larvae, respectively, than faeces not exposed. Faeces incubated for 7 days prior to exposure yielded similar numbers of larvae to faeces not exposed.

CONCLUSION: Treatment of pastures with carbendazim for FE control is likely to result in reduced development of the larvae of T. colubriformis, and by inference those of other species, where the application coincides with the presence of freshly deposited faeces containing eggs and developing larvae. However, no effect of treatment on L3 was indicated. The significance of this for on-farm nematode parasite control remains to be determined, as does any potential for strategic applications of carbendazim to pasture aimed at reducing numbers of parasite larvae on pasture. The latter should not be contemplated without due consideration of the implications for the development of anthelmintic resistance.     

Libyostrongylus infections in ostriches — a brief review with particular reference to their detection in New Zealand

Following the recent discovery of Libyostrongylus douglassii in ostriches in New Zealand, information relating to this nematode is reviewed. Amongst some of the topics considered are the parasite's distribution and prevalence, its life cycle and survival, and its diagnosis and control. Of particular interest from a New Zealand perspective is the potential for the parasite to infect other ratites, especially the kiwi. While the current evidence suggests that this may be unlikely to occur, the possibility that it might be able to do so cannot be ruled out entirely.     

Growth response in lambs injected with a long acting microencapsulated Vitamin B 12

Nematode parasites have been a major factor limiting sheep production in New Zealand for more than 100 years. Twenty-nine species of nematodes were unintentionally introduced with sheep into New Zealand, but it is principally species of Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus and Cooperia that are associated with production losses and clinical disease.

The seasonal dynamics of nematode infection are the consequence of complex inter-relationships between the sheep, their husbandry and the prevailing climate. The patterns of pasture contamination by nematode eggs and then larvae, and the subsequent levels of infection in ewes and lambs are broadly similar throughout New Zealand. Numbers of infective larvae on pasture build up over summer to a peak in autumn/early winter with, in some years, a spring peak derived from the parturient rise in faecal nematode egg counts (FEC), expressed in eggs per gram of faeces (epg), in lactating ewes. The immune capability of lambs is initially low but increases with the magnitude and duration of exposure to infection. Once significant immunity has developed (usually by 10–12 months of age), sheep are capable of markedly restricting parasite infection, except during times of disease, malnutrition or stress.

For the effective control of nematode parasites, farmers have come to rely almost exclusively on broad-spectrum anthelmintics. However, issues relating to resistance, residues and eco-toxicity increasingly threaten the sustainability of chemotherapy. In order to maintain present levels of parasite control and productivity in the long term, farmers need to integrate management practices aimed at minimising animal exposure to parasites with reduced reliance on anthelmintics.     

松材线虫病的发生原因、危害症状及防治策略

松材线虫病能够引起大面积松树出现枯死现象,对松树林产生毁灭性伤害,属于世界性病害。为了有效促进我国林业发展,需要对松材线虫病加强防治。而目前我国在防治松材线虫病过程中难度相对较大,防治技术也比较滞后,资金不足等问题导致难以高效控制松材线虫病。基于此,深入探究松材线虫病的发生原因、危害症状,并提出了有效的防治策略。     

放牧对羊草根际土壤线虫群落及区系的影响

为了探索放牧干扰对羊草（Leymus chinensis Tzvel）根际土壤小型动物-土壤线虫群落的影响规律,本试验以土壤线虫为生物指标对典型草原放牧区及围栏区羊草根际土壤线虫群落特征及区系进行了研究,结果表明：羊草根际共捕获34属线虫,放牧影响羊草根际线虫总数量及优势类群,不同土层土壤线虫总数量的分布规律为：围栏区>放牧区,放牧区优势及次优势类群中植物寄生线虫类所占比例明显高于围栏区。放牧区羊草根际土壤线虫Shannon多样性指数显著高于围栏区。放牧区瓦斯乐斯卡指数及自由生活线虫成熟度指数低于围栏区,说明放牧区土壤健康状况较差。放牧影响羊草根际土壤线虫区系的分布,放牧区0~10 cm,10~20 cm羊草根际土壤线虫区系分布在B区和D区,表明放牧区土壤线虫食物网相对于围栏区受干扰大、土壤线虫食物网不稳定,且退化。     

曼陀罗嫁接番茄抗温室根结线虫病研究

以曼陀罗做根砧进行了温室番茄嫁接抗根结线虫病的研究.结果表明:曼陀罗与番茄具有良好的亲合性,嫁接后植株生长势和抗根结线虫能力增强,产量提高,果实无毒,口感同自根苗番茄无明显差别.     

大豆抗源抗SCN过程中POD酶动态分析

能动地大豆抗源抗孢囊线虫（ＳＣＮ）过程中过的氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性和酶谱的变化研究,探讨了大豆抗源在抗病过程中是通过提高体内ＰＯＤ酶活性来抵御ＳＣＮ的侵染,抗源品种ＰＯＤ活性和酶谱呈动态变化。在侵染高峰期（３０￣３５ｄ）,高抗抗原体内ＰＯＤ酶活性最强,酶谱着色较深;而感病品种在侵染高峰期ＰＯＤ酶活性降至最低值,且一些酶带受损以至消失。另外,证实了ＰＯＤ酶在抗病过程中参与木质素的合成。抗病过程中酶活