不同土壤层次供应水分和养分对玉米幼苗生长和吸收养分的影响

本试验模拟滴灌方法 ,在不同土壤层次进行灌水和施用氮磷养分的盆栽玉米试验 ,旨在探讨在不同土壤层次供应水分和养分对夏玉米幼苗生长、根系空间构型及玉米对养分吸收的影响。试验表明 :在土壤深层进行滴灌可以有效降低土面蒸发 ,提高水分和养分的利用效率 ,从而显著提高玉米幼苗的生长量 ;在不同层次施肥灌水 ,对玉米根系在土壤中的空间构型影响很大 ,进行深层滴灌可以极大促进根系在较深土壤中的发育 ;在不同土层施肥灌水对玉米幼苗吸收N、P、K三种养分的能力也有影响 ,深层施肥灌水提高了玉米对 3种养分的吸收量     

Qualitative differences between day- and night-time rhizodeposition in maize (Zea mays L.) as investigated by pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry

Rhizodeposition is an important pathway of atmospheric C-input to soil, however, quantity and quality of plant rhizodeposition are insufficiently known. Therefore, the composition and diurnal dynamics of water-soluble root-derived substances and products of their interaction with sandy soil were investigated in maize plants (Zea mays L.) by pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS). In both night- and day-rhizodeposits the C, N and S concentrations were larger by factors ranging from 3.0 to 9.7 than the samples from non-cropped soil. The rhizodeposition was larger during the day than during the night-time and the composition of these deposits was different. The largest differences in the Py-FI mass spectra resulted from signals assigned to amino acids (aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, leucine, isoleucine, hydroxyproline and phenylalanine) and carbohydrates, in particular pentoses, which were exuded in the photosynthetic period. Marker signals in the Py-FI mass spectra and the curves of their thermal volatilization provided unequivocal evidence for the occurrence of free amino acids in the day-rhizodeposits. Other compounds detected in the Py-FI mass spectra were interpreted as constituents of rhizodeposits (lipids, suberin, fatty acids) or products of the interaction of rhizodeposits and microbial metabolites with stable soil organic matter (lignin dimers and alkylaromatics). It was concluded that the diurnal dynamics in the molecular-chemical composition between day- and night-rhizodeposits resulted from the exudation carbohydrates and amino acids during the photosynthetic period, the deposition of other root-derived compounds such as lipids, suberin and fatty acids, and the microbial metabolism of all available organic compounds in the rhizosphere. Furthermore, applications of the presented approach in C-turnover and phytoremediation research, and for risk assessment of genetically modified crops are proposed.     

Root colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal, fine endophytic and dark septate fungi across a pH gradient in acid beech forests

Colonisation by root endophytes can be beneficial to plants growing on acid, nutrient-poor soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can supply herbs with nutrients and may give protection against aluminium toxicity. Two other root colonising fungi, fine endophytes (FE) and dark septate fungi (DSE), are less well known but are potentially of benefit to their host plant. AM fungi are the most prevalent symbionts in herbs at neutral to acidic soil pH. At extremely low pH, fungal growth can be limited and AM colonisation is usually rare. Fine and dark septate endophytes, on the other hand, have been observed more often under these conditions. In order to relate endophyte colonisation to a gradient in soil pH, we investigated root colonisation by AM, FE and DSE in Maianthemum bifolium, Galium odoratum, Mercurialis perennis and Stellaria nemorum, from a range of acidic beech forests. With decreasing pH, colonisation by AM decreased, whereas the other two endophytes increased. AM and FE colonisation were inversely correlated in Maianthemum bifolium. We compared changes in root colonisation with those in chemical composition of soil and leaf samples and found a positive correlation between leaf magnesium concentrations and the presence of DSE in Galium odoratum. Aluminium concentration in Maianthemum bifolium tended to be lower when FE colonisation was high, suggesting a possible role for the fungi in plant protection against Al. We suggest that FE and DSE may replace AM fungi in herbaceous vegetation at extremely low pH, counteracting some of the negative effects of high soil acidity on plants.     

A method for linking in situ activities of hydrolytic enzymes to associated organisms in forest soils

A root window-based, enzyme-imprinted, membrane system has been modified to enable visualization of the activities of hydrolytic enzymes (acid phosphatase, aminopeptidase, chitinase, and β-glucosidase) in situ in forest soils. The approach can be used to correlate the distribution of enzyme activity with visible features such as roots, mycorrhizas, or mycelial mats. In addition, it enables accurate spatial soil sampling for analysis of microbial communities associated with enzyme activities. The substrates are colorimetric conjugates of napthol, where color develops instantly in the field, or fluorimetric conjugates of 4-methylumbelliferone, whose fluorescent products are detected by a gel-documenting system. The method will allow important questions about the relationship between taxonomic and functional diversity of soil microorganisms to be addressed and identification of enzyme activity hot-spots in soil.     

Iron Nutrition of Peanut Enhanced by Mixed Cropping with Maize: Possible Role of Root Morphology and Rhizosphere Microflora

Abstract

Field observations have indicated that Fe deficiency chlorosis symptoms in peanut are more severe and widespread in monoculture than intercropped with maize in calcareous soils of northern China. Here we report a pot experiment that investigated the mechanisms underlying the marked improvement in Fe nutrition of peanut grown in mixture with maize. Iron deficiency chlorosis occurred in the young leaves of peanut in monoculture and was particularly obvious at the flowering stage, while the young leaves of peanut grown in mixture with maize remained green throughout the experiment. The chlorophyll and HCl‐extractable Fe concentrations in young leaves of peanut grown in mixture were much higher than those in monoculture, indicating that maize may have markedly improved the peanut Fe nutrition. Growth in mixture was associated with greatly altered root morphology and microbial populations in the rhizosphere of peanut. Visual observation of peanut roots in monoculture showed that they were larger in diameter and shorter than those in mixture. Moreover, peanut roots in mixture with maize produced more lateral roots and had increased root length compared with plants in monoculture. Peanut grown together with maize showed obvious rhizodermal transfer cells in the subapical root zone, but cells with cell wall ingrowths were poorly developed in peanut in monoculture. Mixed culture resulted in a significantly decreased abundance of bacteria in the rhizosphere of peanut compared with monoculture, and electron microscope observations indicated that this was associated with a thicker mucigel layer on the root surface of peanut in mixture with maize. Several root morphological and rhizosphere microbial factors may thus have contributed to the improvement in Fe nutrition of peanut in mixed culture.     

Growth and magnesium uptake of tall fescue clones with varying root diameters

Abstract

A cool season perennial grass with a root system capable of penetrating hardpans and which can accumulate adequate Mg to prevent deficiencies in forage is needed in the Coastal Plain region. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of magnesium (Mg) concentration in nutrient solution and root diameter on Mg uptake and growth of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Propagules of two fescue clones with large root diameter (LDR >1 mm), two clones with small root diameter (SDR <0.8 mm), and a single clone from ‘Kentucky 31’ (Ky‐31) were transferred into 12‐liter tanks containing Mg concentrations of 3, 21, 42, 125, 250, and 500 μM as MgSO₄ and grown for 39 or 70 days. Leaf Mg concentration was increased linearly with Mg solution concentration in LDR clones for a 39‐day growth period (Harvest 1), but increased according to a cubic equation in the SDR clones and the Ky‐31. Predicted leaf Mg concentration as a function of solution Mg followed a cubic equation for a 70‐day growth period (Harvest 2) in all clones. Predicted root Mg concentration was linearly related to Mg solution concentration for the LDR clones and the Ky‐31, but followed a cubic equation for the SDR clones for the first growth period. For the second growth period, the root Mg concentration of the SDR clones and the Ky‐31 was increased linearly, while the LDR clones followed a quadratic equation. Magnesium uptake followed a cubic equation with Mg solution concentration for both growth periods on all tall fescue clones. This nonlinear variation of Mg uptake and plant Mg concentration with respect to solution Mg concentration strongly suggests that a dual uptake mechanism might have been present in tall fescue clones. Root volume was greater in the SDR than LDR clones or Ky‐31 for both growth periods. The Ky‐31 had the greatest leaf and root dry weight for both growth periods, while the LDR clones had the lowest.     

根系分泌物在西瓜/旱作水稻间作减轻西瓜枯萎病中的响应

采用盆栽的方法,研究了西瓜/旱作水稻间作对西瓜枯萎病和西瓜根系分泌物中酚酸、氨基酸、有机酸种类和含量的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,接种西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporun f.sp.niveum,FON)显著提高了西瓜根系分泌物中酚酸的含量,增加了酚酸的种类如香豆酸,当西瓜/旱作水稻间作时,大部分酚酸的分泌量降低。在接种FON的条件下,西瓜/旱作水稻间作较单作显著降低西瓜根系分泌物中酚酸含量。与对照相比,接种FON提高了西瓜根系分泌中氨基酸的含量,而在西瓜/旱作水稻间作条件下接种FON时,西瓜根分泌物中氨基酸含量没有变化。与对照相比,接种FON显著提高了西瓜根系分泌有机酸的量,当西瓜/旱作水稻间作时,大部分有机酸分泌量降低。在接种FON的条件下,西瓜/旱作水稻间作较单作降低了西瓜根系分泌物中有机酸含量。总之,接种FON提高了西瓜根系分泌酚酸、氨基酸和有机酸的量,西瓜/旱作水稻间作降低西瓜枯萎病发病率和发病指数,并维持西瓜根系分泌酚酸、氨基酸和有机酸的量不增加,因此,西瓜/旱作水稻间作减轻西瓜枯萎病与西瓜根分泌物的调节有关。     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复过程中土壤水文效应

采用空间代替时间序列方法, 对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复阶段土壤层的水文效应进行研究。结果表明: (1)从裸露地、草坡、灌草、灌丛至乔灌恢复阶段, 土壤蓄水性与渗透性显著增加(P<0.05); (2)Horton入渗模型对各植被恢复阶段的入渗过程拟合效果较好(R²≥0.765), 有较好的适用性; (3)土壤理化性状、植被根系显著影响土壤的渗透性能, 植被根系提高土壤入渗性能的实质是: ≤1 mm细根可有效改善土壤的理化性状; (4)基于主成分分析, 从裸露地、草坡、灌草、灌丛至乔灌恢复阶段, 土壤综合水文效应显著提高(P<0.05)。此研究结果将丰富该地区植物生态学与恢复生态学的内容, 并为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地生态系统的恢复与重建提供重要依据。     

生物有机肥对防治山药根茎腐病和促进山药生长的研究

为了探讨生物有机肥(BOF)对山药根茎腐病的防治效果和促生效果,在山药根茎腐病重发地块进行了田间小区试验.结果表明:施用生物有机肥的处理Tl(CK+450 kg/hm2 BOF)、T2(CK+750 kg/hm2 BOF)和T3(CK+1050kg/hm2 BOF)与CK相比,山药根茎腐病病斑的长度分别减小了65.1％、77.2％、78.0％,病斑所占的比例分别下降了67.6％、80.0％、81.7％,对山药根茎腐病有很好的防治效果;山药块茎的鲜重分别增加了15.2％、32.0％、37.1％,块茎长度分别增加了6.0％、11.3％、19.5％,块茎茎粗分别增加了10.9％、23.6％、50.9％,山药产量提高了15.3％、32.2％、37.3％;T1、T2和T3与CK相比,细菌的数量分别增加1.04、1.31、1.41倍、放线菌的数量分别增加1.09、1.18、1.71倍,真菌的数量分别减少了21.9％、46.9％、50.0％,从而改善土壤微生态环境.施用生物有机肥不仅可以明显减少山药根茎腐病的发生,同时对山药有较强的促生效果,具有广阔的应用前景.     

不同沟灌方式下玉米根区矿物氮迁移动态研究

为探索交替隔沟灌溉下玉米根区矿物氮分布规律, 通过遮雨棚内微区试验, 研究了常规沟灌、交替隔沟灌和固定隔沟灌3 种沟灌方式对玉米根区硝态氮、铵态氮迁移的影响。结果表明: 交替隔沟灌溉根区硝态氮等值线和常规沟灌相似, 沟内硝态氮含量基本沿垄的中心对称分布。固定隔沟灌溉的湿润沟内硝态氮含量小于干燥沟, 施氮后非灌水沟硝态氮保持较高水平。收获时交替隔沟灌溉的根区硝态氮残留量比常规灌溉略高。与硝态氮分布相比, 铵态氮在根区土壤中的含量很小, 3 种沟灌方式在沟和垄中的铵态氮含量没有明显差异。