Trichoderma asperellum is effective for biocontrol of Verticillium wilt in olive caused by the defoliating pathotype of Verticillium dahliae

Verticillium wilt caused by a highly virulent, defoliating (D) pathotype of Verticillium dahliae is threatening olive production in Spain and other Mediterranean countries. This disease must be managed by an integrated strategy, in which biocontrol agents can play an important role. We have investigated the potential of Trichoderma asperellum strains for antagonism against V. dahliae and suppression of Verticillium wilt of olive caused by the D pathotype. First, we tested the antagonistic potential of T. asperellum strains Bt2, Bt3 and T25 against six V. dahliae isolates, four of the D and two of the nondefoliating (ND) pathotypes, in different in vitro assays. All T. asperellum strains overgrew the colonies of all V. dahliae isolates to a similar extent. However, extracellular compounds from strains Bt3 and T25 showed higher anti-V. dahliae activities than those of Bt2 in membrane assays. Also, growth of Bt2 was reduced by ND V. dahliae whereas that of Bt3 and T25 was not affected by V. dahliae-secreted compounds. In planta assays using strains Bt3 and T25, and ’Picual’ olive plants, showed that the two T. asperellum strains significantly reduced the severity of symptoms and the standardized area under the disease progress curve caused by highly virulent D V. dahliae, but not the final disease incidence. Strain T25 significantly increased growth of ‘Picual’ plants and displayed higher ability for colonizing the olive rhizosphere and establishing endophytic infection in olive roots than Bt3.     

三种酚酸类化感物质对花生根际土壤微生物及产量的影响

为进一步探明花生连作障碍的机理,通过外源添加的方法研究了不同浓度肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸及其混合物对花生开花下针期、结荚初期、结荚末期根际土壤微生物及产量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,各处理均降低了各生育期花生根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量、微生物量生物量以及呼吸强度,增加了真菌的数量。随浓度增加,化感作用增强,以3种酚酸类化感物质混合物的化感作用最强。随处理时间的延长,对真菌的化感作用增强,对其他指标的化感作用减弱。各处理均显著降低了花生产量（P < 0.01）,处理浓度越高,花生减产幅度越大。最高浓度（初始含量为90mg·kg-1干土）的肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸以及混合物处理使花生每盆荚果产量分别降低了43.2%、32.9%、40.2%和47.3%。这三种酚酸类物质的累积与连作花生根际土壤微生物群落结构的变化相关,是花生连作障碍产生的可能因素之一。     

抗真菌转基因水稻根际土壤真菌群落结构的动态变化

以非转基因水稻"七丝软粘"为对照,采用传统平板计数法和变性梯度凝胶电泳技术,研究了抗真菌转基因水稻"转品1"和"转品8"生长周期内对根际土壤中可培养真菌数和真菌群落结构的影响。结果显示,相同生育期转基因水稻根际土壤可培养真菌数量与其非转基因对照水稻相比较无显著性差异,表明转基因水稻的种植没有对根际土壤真菌数量产生明显影响;18S rRNA真菌群落DGGE图谱分析显示,相同生育期转基因水稻与其非转基因对照水稻的根际土壤真菌DGGE条带数量和条带位置均无显著性差异,表明转基因水稻的种植没有对根际土壤真菌群落结构产生明显影响。进一步分析相同生育期转基因水稻与其非转基因对照水稻的根际土壤真菌群落香农多样性指数(Shannon diversity index)和均匀度指数(Evenness index)的动态变化,发现两者均没有显著性差异。以上研究结果表明,外源抗真菌基因的导入对水稻根际土壤中真菌群落数量和群落结构均没有明显影响。此外,将不同位置的真菌DGGE条带切胶回收,克隆、测序后,进行系统进化树分析,结果表明根际土壤真菌群落主要归属为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)、接合菌门(Zygomycota)和未知真菌(unknown fungi)5个类群。     

不同种植模式对土壤质量及马铃薯生长的影响

为探究轮作藜麦、玉米及连作对马铃薯根系生理及根系发育的影响及其机制,比较了3种种植模式(轮作藜麦、轮作玉米及连作)对马铃薯根际土壤微环境、根系生理、根系发育及植株生长的影响,以期为减轻马铃薯连作障碍、筛选较好的轮作模式提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)轮作藜麦、玉米明显降低土壤pH,提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量,增强土壤肥力相关酶的活性,增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量和细菌与真菌数量比值(B/F),降低真菌数量,改善马铃薯根际土壤微环境,对植株生长发育起到促进作用,表现在马铃薯的株高、茎粗、地上部干重、根干重、单株薯重均有一定程度的增加。(2)轮作藜麦、玉米使得马铃薯根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升,超氧阴离子产生速率下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少,渗透调节物质含量增加,表明通过轮作藜麦和玉米使得连作对马铃薯植株造成的胁迫得到了一定程度缓解。(3)轮作藜麦、玉米显著提高了马铃薯根系总根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径和根尖数,说明轮作藜麦及玉米促进了马铃薯根系的生长发育,这与轮作藜麦及玉米改善土壤理化性质、生物学性质及促进马铃薯地上部分的发...     

玉米生长对石灰性土壤无机碳与有机碳释放的根际效应

利用IsoSource模型三源区分玉米根际土壤CO2释放来源(根源呼吸、土壤无机碳与有机碳释放),研究玉米根际效应对石灰性土壤无机碳与有机碳释放的影响.在玉米拔节期(24～53 d)、抽穗期(54～66 d)和灌浆期(67～99 d)末分别破坏性取样,测定根系、土壤有机碳和无机碳的13C含量等指标;自拔节期开始至生育期...     

根际通气对盆栽玉米生长与根系活力的影响

针对盆栽作物生长空间有限且通气不良的生长环境问题,为改善根际气体环境,试验设每隔2d通气1次(T1)、每隔4d通气1次(T2)两个通气处理,以不通气(CK)为对照,研究根际通气对盆栽玉米生长及根系活力的影响。结果表明,T1和T2处理均能提高玉米株高、叶面积、叶绿素含量,促进地上部分和地下部分干物质的积累。T1、T2处理有利于提高玉米根冠比和根系活力,拔节期T1和T2处理的根冠比分别是CK的1.27倍、1.18倍,根系活力分别为CK的1.26倍和1.54倍;抽穗期根冠比分别为CK的1.18倍、1.09倍,根系活力分别为CK的1.22倍和1.40倍。同时,通气处理能够促进作物吸收土壤内的养分。研究结果表明,根际通气能够增强盆栽玉米的根系活力,促进植株的生长发育。     

玉米生长中的土壤呼吸及其受氮肥施用的影响

运用盆栽试验研究了玉米生长和施氮水平(N 150 mg kg-1和300 mg kg-1)对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明种植玉米的土壤呼吸速率(C)的变化范围为19. 6 ~ 762. 1 mg m-2h-1,而裸土为4. 3 ~ 36mg m-2h-1。在玉米生长的条件下,苗期土壤呼吸最低,73%的土壤呼吸分配在拔节孕穗期和成熟期。玉米生长中各阶段根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献在58%~98%,苗期最小。施氮对裸土呼吸速率无显著影响;在玉米生长的条件下,施用高氮的土壤呼吸比施用低氮高28%,且两种施氮水平下土壤呼吸的差异主要发生在生长中后期。玉米生长的条件下土壤呼吸与温度的相关性不显著,而裸土下土壤呼吸速率与气温、表土温度、5 cm土壤温度均呈极显著的相关性;裸土施用高氮下的土壤呼吸与温度的相关性大于低氮。总之,玉米生长和土壤施氮不仅影响土壤呼吸速率和呼吸量,也影响土壤呼吸在各生长阶段的分配,还影响到土壤呼吸与温度的关系。     

三七根际链霉菌Streptomyces sp. YNUCC0233木聚糖酶性质研究

从三七根际分离到一株产木聚糖酶链霉菌Streptomycessp.YNUCC0233。该菌所产生的木聚糖酶的最适反应温度为67℃,最适pH为6.0,在pH5.0~9.0和60℃以下时相对稳定。Ba2+和K+对该木聚糖酶有较强的促进作用,Hg2+、Cu2+、Mn2+、Co2+、Ni2+和EDTA对该酶有较强的抑制作用。对Streptomycessp.YNUCC023316SrDNA的1105bp片段的序列分析结果表明,Streptomycessp.YNUCC0233的16SrDNA片段与GenBank中所有已注册的链霉菌分类单位均不同。     

Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization

In both managed and natural ecosystems, beneficial plant-associated bacteria play a key role in supporting and/or increasing plant health and growth. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can be applied in agricultural production or for the phytoremediation of pollutants. However, because of their capacity to confer plant beneficial effects, efficient colonization of the plant environment is of utmost importance. The majority of plant-associated bacteria derives from the soil environment. They may migrate to the rhizosphere and subsequently the rhizoplane of their hosts before they are able to show beneficial effects. Some rhizoplane colonizing bacteria can also penetrate plant roots, and some strains may move to aerial plant parts, with a decreasing bacterial density in comparison to rhizosphere or root colonizing populations. A better understanding on colonization processes has been obtained mostly by microscopic visualisation as well as by analysing the characteristics of mutants carrying disfunctional genes potentially involved in colonization. In this review we describe the individual steps of plant colonization and survey the known mechanisms responsible for rhizosphere and endophytic competence. The understanding of colonization processes is important to better predict how bacteria interact with plants and whether they are likely to establish themselves in the plant environment after field application as biofertilisers or biocontrol agents.