Survival of inocula and native AM fungi species associated with shrubs in a degraded Mediterranean ecosystem

Reconstitution of the potential of soil mycorrhizal inoculum is a key step in revegetation programs for semiarid environments. We tested the effectiveness of inoculation with native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi or with an allochthonous AM fungus, Glomus claroideum, with respect to the growth of four shrub species, the release of mycorrhizal propagules in soil, within and outside the canopy, and the improvement of soil structural stability. Two years after outplanting, the mixture of native endophytes was more effective than, for Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris, Retama sphaerocarpa and Rhamnus lycioides, or equally as effective as, for Pistacia lentiscus, the non-native AM fungus Glomus claroideum, with respect to increasing shoot biomass and foliar NPK contents. The increases in glomalin concentration and structural stability produced by inoculation treatments in the rhizosphere soil of the all shrub species, except R. lycioides, ranged from about 55 to 173% and 13 to 21%, respectively. The mixture of native AM fungi produced the highest levels of mycorrhizal propagules in soil from the center of the canopy of P. lentiscus and R. lycioides, while plants of O. europaea and R. sphaerocarpa inoculated with G. claroideum had more mycorrhizal propagules than did those inoculated with the mixture of native fungi. The number of mycorrhizal propagules in soil outside the canopy of the four shrub species was 5-35 times higher in inoculation treatments than in soil of the non-inoculated plants.     

降水格局变化对植物繁殖策略影响的研究进展

由于植物生长和繁殖受降水格局的重要影响,本文结合近年来降水格局变化及其对植物繁殖策略影响的重要意义,总结降水格局变化对植物繁殖物候、繁殖分配和种子产量及其对子代种子特性的重要影响,探讨该领域目前存在的问题及未来研究重点和方向,以促进植物繁殖策略研究的进一步发展,同时填补该领域的空白。     

汶川堡子关植被恢复与景观建设技术

以汶川堡子关为例,阐述了干旱河谷植被恢复与景观建设的调查方法、技术方案和关键技术环节等内容。干旱河谷植被恢复受自然条件和人为因素的制约,应尊重干旱河谷的自然规律,在保护原生植被的前提下,根据不同立地条件选择相应的营建模式,主要采用人工生物措施与工程措施相结合的方法。另外,干旱河谷植被恢复是林业工作者多年来一直未攻克的难题,还需要对其开展多学科、多领域的专题研究。     

The vegetation classification in coal mine overburden dump using canopy spectral reflectance

The canopy spectral characteristics of typical plants in the overburden of the Fuxin coal mine dump were measured and analyzed. The reflectance of Leymus chinensis was affected by the soil, with a slight shift from green (550 nm) to the near infrared (NIR) region. Changes in chlorophyll and water absorption were not significant in the red (670 nm) and NIR bands, respectively. The reflectance curve trend for Artemisia lavandulaefolia was similar to those of Sophora japonica and Ulmus pumila, while the reflectance of S. japonica and U. pumila fluctuated in the NIR region (760-1200 nm), especially with greater water absorption around 930 and 1120 nm. In contrast, the reflectance of A. lavandulaefolia fluctuated slightly around 930 nm and a significant peak appeared at 1127 nm. In addition, the spectral reflectance of S. japonica was lower than for the other species in the visible band (400-700 nm). However, it was higher than for L. chinensis in the NIR region (780-1200 nm). Three classifiers, the self-organizing map (SOM), learning-vector quantization (LVQ), and a probabilistic neural network (PNN), were used to classify the vegetation and the results of all classifiers were compared based on total spectral reflectance data from 400 to 1200 nm. The PNN was the best classifier in terms of training and testing accuracy. The first difference reflectance was calculated, and the red edge parameter was able to classify the herbs (L. chinensis and A. lavandulaefolia) and the arbores (S. japonica and U. pumila) with an accuracy of 77 and 84%, respectively, although it did not perform as well for detail species. A mixing parameter matrix was built based on the sensitive wavelengths (550, 674, 810, 935, and 1125 nm), the vegetation indices (SAVI and NDGI), and the water absorption slope. High classification accuracy was obtained by applying the mixing parameter matrix. This method could be used for revegetation monitoring and in decision making.     

露天煤矿土地复垦生物多样性保护与恢复研究进展

露天煤矿开采损毁大量土地资源,同时引发植被受损、景观结构功能遭到破坏和生物多样性降低等一系列生态环境问题,已成为制约矿区可持续发展乃至区域生态安全的重大隐患。土地复垦是对损毁土地采取整治措施,使其达到可供利用状态的活动,也是生物多样性的恢复过程。因此,露天煤矿土地复垦生物多样性保护与恢复研究对促进矿区经济和生态环境协调发展具有重要意义。简要介绍了生物多样性内涵和研究热点,以及露天煤矿开采复垦过程中生物多样性扰动与恢复特征,重点阐述了露天煤矿生物多样性保护中的多样性调查、监测和评价以及受损评估和预测研究进展。同时,重点论述了露天煤矿土地复垦生物多样性恢复中的土壤生境再造、植被重建以及复垦土地景观结构与生态功能的研究进展。阐释了露天煤矿土地复垦生物多样性保护与恢复的相关法规政策。最后展望了未来露天煤矿土地复垦生物多样性保护与恢复领域的研究重点,以期为推动该领域进一步研究提供思路。     

元谋干热河谷坡地岩土类型与植被恢复分区

干热河谷不同岩土组成的坡地土壤水分状况差异较大，适合不同类型植被的生长。本文根据气候带和岩土类型的组合，进行了元谋干热河谷森林植被恢复适宜性分区。本区有6种坡地岩土类型，3个气候带，分为森林植被恢复适宜区、较适宜区、较不适宜区、不适宜区和极不适宜区5个区，其中适宜区和较适宜区面积72975．44hm^2，占元谋干热河谷区总面积的64．85％。     

金属尾矿砂的改良和植被重建研究进展

针对金属尾矿砂的理化性状以及所带来的环境影响进行了简要介绍和评述,着重从改良的角度论述了我国治理修复金属矿区尾矿砂的研究进展、存在的问题和将来的发展方向。     

临汾西山地区封禁治理调查

根据国家有关规范,对临汾西山地区封禁治理的植被恢复状况、分类形式及治理效益进行了调查,结果显示,经过一定时间的封禁治理,该区植被覆盖度都能得到一定程度的恢复,而在某些原生残存植被种保存较好的多年封禁地段,植被已表现出一定正向群落演替特征;封禁治理可分为水土保持项目区类、国家退耕还林(还草)项目区类、地方生态林区类和庄园大户承包四荒治理类;封禁区植被的减沙效应为44.7%～57.7%,平均为52.7%;封禁区气候降雨、温度和湿度等指标都有不同程度的改善。     

Distribution of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in coal,lignite, and calcite mine spoils of India

Summary We assessed vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi in coal, lignite, and calcite mine spoils. The level of VAM fungal infection and the population of VAM species in plants on the coal-waste sites were similar to those in plants on the calcite mine spoil. The plants on the coal-waste sites and their associated VAM fungi included Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. with Glomus heterosporum and Sclerocystis microcarpus and Euphorbia hirta L. with G. botryoides and G. ambisporum. The recently revegetated lignite mine spoil supported Eragrostis sp. with G. globiferum, while the oldest revegetated lignite mine spoil supported Cocos nucifera L. with Scutellospora aurigloba and G. aggregatum, and Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. with Scutellospora dipapillosa and G. tenue. In the calcite mine spoil, roots of Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Romer with Sclerocystis sinuosa, G. dimorphicum, G. heterosporum and G. ambisporum and Datura metal L. with G. pustulatum and G. pulvinatum were found. The level of VAM infection and the population of VAM species in the oldest revegetated site (lignite mine spoil) were comparable with those in the coal-waste and calcite mine-spoil sites.     

应用Le Bissonnais法研究不同植被类型下红壤团聚体稳定性

土壤团聚体是影响土壤质量和抗侵蚀能力的关键因素之一,而植被恢复可以帮助提升土壤团聚体稳定性。以4种恢复种植5a的南方红壤区常用生态恢复和水土保持植物（马尼拉、香根草、多花木蓝、紫穗槐）为研究对象,使用Le Bissonnais法对其不同土层（0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm）的土壤团聚体稳定性进行研究,包括3种破坏试验：快速润湿（FW）、预湿润后扰动（WS）和慢速湿润（SW）。结果表明：草本植物（马尼拉、香根草）覆盖下的土壤相较于灌木（多花木蓝、紫穗槐）具有更高的有机质含量、孔隙度以及更发达的根系,同时在3种破坏试验中,其团聚体稳定性在不同土层亦要显著高于灌木。有机质、容重、砂粒和根系等均对团聚体稳定性有显著影响,其中0.5~2 mm径级的细根系作用最为关键。FW试验中>0.25 mm团聚体含量为50.45%~79.59%,团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）为0.39~1.21 mm,皆要显著低于WS和SW试验,说明区域内土壤团聚体分解的主要机制是消散作用,FW是测定团聚体稳定性的较优方法。结果可为区域内团聚体稳定性研究以及植被恢复工作中的物种选择提供参考。