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31.
32.
Karen Baumann Petra Marschner Ronald J. Smernik Jeffrey A. Baldock 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(9):1966-1975
Previous studies have shown that residue chemistry and microbial community structure change during decomposition, however little is known about the relationship between C-chemistry and microbial community structure. To address this knowledge gap, we studied C-chemistry and microbial community structure during the decomposition of eucalypt, wheat and vetch residues with and without additional inorganic N. Bags containing ground residues of eucalypt, wheat, and vetch were buried in sand microcosms after inoculation with a diverse microbial community. Respiration was measured over an incubation period of 150 days. At different times during incubation, total C and N of the residues were analysed and residue carbon chemistry was determined by 13C-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Microbial communities were assessed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses.Results indicated that during decomposition, residue C-chemistry and microbial community composition changed over time and differed between residue types. Changes in microbial community structure were associated with changes in residue C-chemistry, mainly the relative content of aryl-C and O-alkyl-C. Addition of N increased cumulative respiration, altered C-chemistry during decomposition, particularly in high C/N residues (wheat and eucalypt), and changed microbial succession leading to an earlier establishment of a stable microbial community structure. N addition to eucalypt and wheat reduced the decomposition of aryl-C compounds. 相似文献
33.
Interactions between residue placement and earthworm ecological strategy affect aggregate turnover and N2O dynamics in agricultural soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Georgios Giannopoulos 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(4):618-625
Previous laboratory studies using epigeic and anecic earthworms have shown that earthworm activity can considerably increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from crop residues in soils. However, the universality of this effect across earthworm functional groups and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aims of this study were (i) to determine whether earthworms with an endogeic strategy also affect N2O emissions; (ii) to quantify possible interactions with epigeic earthworms; and (iii) to link these effects to earthworm-induced differences in selected soil properties. We initiated a 90-day 15N-tracer mesocosm study with the endogeic earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) and the epigeic species Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister). 15N-labeled radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Adagio L.) residue was placed on top or incorporated into the loamy (Fluvaquent) soil. When residue was incorporated, only A. caliginosa significantly (p < 0.01) increased cumulative N2O emissions from 1350 to 2223 μg N2O-N kg−1 soil, with a corresponding increase in the turnover rate of macroaggregates. When residue was applied on top, L. rubellus significantly (p < 0.001) increased emissions from 524 to 929 μg N2O-N kg−1, and a significant (p < 0.05) interaction between the two earthworm species increased emissions to 1397 μg N2O-N kg−1. These effects coincided with an 84% increase in incorporation of residue 15N into the microaggregate fraction by A. caliginosa (p = 0.003) and an 85% increase in incorporation into the macroaggregate fraction by L. rubellus (p = 0.018). Cumulative CO2 fluxes were only significantly increased by earthworm activity (from 473.9 to 593.6 mg CO2-C kg−1 soil; p = 0.037) in the presence of L. rubellus when residue was applied on top. We conclude that earthworm-induced N2O emissions reflect earthworm feeding strategies: epigeic earthworms can increase N2O emissions when residue is applied on top; endogeic earthworms when residue is incorporated into the soil by humans (tillage) or by other earthworm species. The effects of residue placement and earthworm addition are accompanied by changes in aggregate and SOM turnover, possibly controlling carbon, nitrogen and oxygen availability and therefore denitrification. Our results contribute to understanding the important but intricate relations between (functional) soil biodiversity and the soil greenhouse gas balance. Further research should focus on elucidating the links between the observed changes in soil aggregation and controls on denitrification, including the microbial community. 相似文献
34.
35.
采用气相色谱(GC-NPD)分析技术测定除草剂阿灭净在菠萝与土壤中的残留及消解动态结果表明,GC-NPD方法的最小检出量为0.0232ng,菠萝及土壤的最小检出浓度分别为0.002mg/kg和0.005mg/kg,GC-NPD方法回收率分别为87.23%~92.10%和88.80%~93.77%。喷施阿灭净80%WP4800g(a.i/)hm2,处理检测出菠萝与土壤中原始沉积量分别为0.1448~0.1646mg/kg和3.3318~3.5536mg/kg,消解半衰期分别为29.17~29.45d和25.75~30.68d,按阿灭净用量4800g(a.i/)hm2施药菠萝1次,间隔期为10d,菠萝果实残留量2年分别为0.1646mg/kg和0.1448mg/kg,参照欧共体的MRL值0.2mg/kg,按上述阿灭净剂量方法施用菠萝是安全的。 相似文献
36.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of tillage and residue incorporation on soil properties and yields of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rotation for 4 years on a silty clay loam of an Aquic Hapludoll with natural water table fluctuating between 0.05 and 0.97 m depth The rice experiment was laid out in split plot design with four levels of tillage, viz. conventional puddling (CP), puddling by four passes of rotavator (PR), reduced puddling by two passes of rotavator (ReP), and direct seeding without puddling (DSWP) and two levels of residue, viz. residue incorporation (RI) and residue removal (RR) in four replications. The treatments for wheat were zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) with RI and RR superimposed over the plots of rice. Tillage for rice increased puddling index and bulk density (BD) over the years. The increase was significantly higher in CP and PR than in ReP. In wheat season, BD was higher under ZT than under CT but the differences were not significant. Puddling decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity with time, which became significantly lower in CP and PR in the fourth year than in ReP in the first year. Infiltration rate (IR) also decreased with time and was lowest in CP and PR. In wheat season, IR was at par under ZT and CT. Rice yield in PR was maximum and at par with that in ReP. But wheat yield was lowest in PR and highest in DSWP, and was at par in DSWP and ReP. Thus, rice yields were optimum under ReP, in which changes in soil properties were least, and wheat yields were optimum both under ZT and CT in the DSWP and ReP plots of rice under shallow water table conditions of the silty clay loam. 相似文献
37.
38.
Decomposition and phosphorus release from organic residues as affected by residue quality and added inorganic phosphorus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
I.?BaggieEmail author D.?L.?Rowell J.?S.?Robinson G.?P.?Warren 《Agroforestry Systems》2005,63(2):125-131
The combined use of organic residue and inorganic fertiliser-phosphorus (P) is appropriate in meeting both the short and long-term P requirement of crops. To assess the influence of added inorganic fertiliser-P on the processes of decomposition and P release from the residue and the relationships with quality, prunings of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephela, Senna siamea, Acacia mangium and Paraserienthus falcataria were incubated without and with added inorganic fertiliser-P for 56 days. Soil was added only as inoculum. Decomposition rate and amounts of acid extractable-P (P release) were in the same order: G. sepium >S. siamea > L. leucocephela >P. falcataria > A. mangium. Unlike the other residues, A. mangium released no P despite the loss of half its mass during the 8 weeks of incubation. The residue P content correlated with P release. However, decomposition rate did not correlate with residue P content but with the lignin, polyphenol and cellulose content, and ratios to P. These ratios were negatively correlated with P release suggesting that lignin and polyphenol contents influence P release more when the residue-P content is low. Results suggest that rate of decomposition influences the release of P. The critical residue P content for P release was estimated to be 0.12% < P < 0.19%. Added P had no effect on decomposition and P release from the residues. 相似文献
39.
Influence of wheat residue management on irrigated corn grain production in a reduced tillage system
Management of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residues for corn (Zea mays L.) planting is an important issue in southern parts of Iran where these two irrigated crops are consecutively grown. Concerns have been raised in recent years over the burning of the crop residues by farmers in these areas. A 2-year (2001–2002) field experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of irrigated corn planted, after burning wheat residues followed by conventional tillage (CT), after residue removal followed by CT, after soil incorporation of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of residue followed by chisel plow, disk harrow, and row crop planter equipped with row cleaner. The CT operations consisted of mollboard plowing followed by two times disk harrowing. Treatments had significant effects on corn grain yield, biological yield, and leaf area index. The highest grain yield (15.73 t ha−1) and grains per ear (709.3) were obtained when 25–50% of wheat residues were soil incorporated and the seeds were sown with planter equipped with row cleaner in both years as compared with conventional tillage practices. It is recommended that complete residue removal or burning should be avoided; hence for successful corn production after wheat, residue management techniques that reduce residue level in the row area should be implemented. 相似文献
40.
The objective of this work was to evaluate rates for applications of water treatment sludge (WTS) as a nutrient source for grasses and leguminous plants cropped in a soil degraded by tin mining in the Amazon Region (Natural Forest of Jamari, Rondonia State, Brazil). The treatments consisted of three rates of nitrogen supplied by WTS (100, 150 and 200 mg kg−1 soil), five combinations of plants, two controls (absolute control, without fertilization; and chemical control, soil+lime+chemical fertilizers). WTS modified the contents of macro and micronutrients in the degraded soil, but it was not, as used in the present study, sufficient for the rehabilitation of the degraded area. 相似文献