似士维螨形态分类学特征的显微观测

似士维螨是西洋参新害虫,陕西新记录种。制作目标螨虫的玻片标本,进行显微观察、拍照与测量。目标螨虫体表具有顶内毛(v.i.)、胛外毛(sc.e)、肩外毛(h.e.)、背三毛(d_3)、背四毛(d_4)、前侧毛(la)、后侧毛(lp)、骶内毛(sa.i.)、肛后毛(pa)和肛侧毛(ad),在显微图像上得以显示;雌螨有生殖褶、生殖乳突、生殖瓣、受精囊,雄螨有生殖乳突、生殖瓣、肛吸盘等,清晰可见;这些细微结构的均值和标准差反映其尺寸重心与分布范围。研究内容扩展了似士维螨的形态分类学知识,有助于专业人员识别这种螨虫并逐步遏制其害。     

绵山羊双羔素提高黑山羊繁殖率的研究

[目的]提高南方黑山羊的繁殖率,增加养殖户的经济效益。[方法]应用绵山羊双羔素(睾酮-3-羧甲基肟·牛血清白蛋白),免疫贵州黑山羊80只和云岭黑山羊275只,开展提高黑山羊繁殖率的试验。[结果]贵州黑山羊试验点试验组产羔率为166.15%,对照组产羔率为143.75%,试验组产羔率比对照组提高了22.40%;云岭黑山羊试验点试验组产羔率为150.98%,对照组产羔率为107.35%,试验组比对照组提高了43.63%。[结论]只要加强南方黑山羊的饲养管理,使用绵山羊双羔素就可以提高繁殖率。     

Use of landscape metrics to predict avian nest survival in a fragmented midwestern forest landscape

Habitat fragmentation fundamentally affects trophic interactions and ecosystem function. Understanding how the landscape matrix modulates such interactions can improve our understanding of fragmentation ecology. Studies of breeding birds provide clear examples of the consequences of habitat fragmentation, but the landscape context of these effects are unclear. We sampled avian nesting success in 12 moderately-large forest patches (>250 ha) embedded in different types of landscapes in southern Illinois, USA. We then evaluated eight models that predicted the probability of nest success and brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds. These models incorporated landscape composition (% grassland, % agriculture, fragmentation), year and seasonal effects, conspecific density, predator density, and combinations of these variables. Temporal factors (stage of nesting cycle, seasonal effects, annual variation) had the most effect on nesting success; landscape factors had little influence on nesting success. The rate and intensity of brood parasitism were significantly influenced by the amount of grassland for the Wood Thrush, but not for the Acadian Flycatcher. Fine-scale management of the matrix surrounding the patches may dictate the local abundance and movements of nest predators and parasites. Other major nest predators may prefer the forest interior and at least partially compensate for the lower abundance of nest predators that depend upon the matrix. Overall, landscape metrics were weak predictors of avian nesting success in complex landscapes that have diverse predator communities.     

Evidence-based culling of a facultative predator: Efficacy and efficiency components

Human activities have greatly modified predator-prey dynamics within seabird communities by favouring a rapid increase in density of large predatory gulls. To counteract such a subsidized growth, conservation agencies perform massive random culling programs, which generally fail to restore the original predator-prey relationship. We used long-term individual-based information to evaluate the effects of a selective culling of a top seabird predator, the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis), on the predatory pressure, survival and reproductive success probabilities of a secondary prey, the vulnerable European storm-petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus). The selective removal of only 16 gulls in 3 years led to a reduction of ca. 65% in the number of petrels killed, and to a relative increase in their survival and breeding success probabilities of 16% and 23%, respectively. Our results show that only a few specialised predators were responsible for the bulk of the impact on a secondary prey and that the removal of those specialised individuals was an effective and efficient way to improve prey demographic parameters.     

Use of the Biological Flora framework in the United Kingdom Overseas Territories: Euphorbia origanoides L.

The United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs) are globally important for a high diversity of endemic and threatened plant species but are poorly represented in plant ecological literature. This lack of ecological research is compounded by a lack of funding and skills. Cost effective approaches of compiling conservation relevant information are required. Here we present the first examination of a species from the UKOTs presented within the standard framework of a Biological Flora. This framework allows a convenient way to compile ecological information and assess missing data. The account reviews all available information on Euphorbia origanoides L. (Ascension spurge) from Ascension Island (South Atlantic Ocean) relevant to understanding its ecology and conservation, including soil chemistry, climate and plant community data. E. origanoides is an endemic perennial, found in dry, lava plains of Ascension Island with soils comprised of weathered volcanic scoria. E. origanoides has suffered habitat loss through the introduction of invasive species and survival in the wild is currently under threat. We relate the information gathered for this Biological Flora to the conservation of the species in the wild and propose the framework should be used as one way of compiling information relevant for conservation managers. The framework is beneficial as it allows an evidence-based approach to conservation but also permits the prioritisation of research and can help conservation managers to meet targets for the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation.     

龙牙楤木组织培养与快速繁殖技术研究

对龙牙木匆心 木 [Araliaelata (Miq)Seen]的叶片、叶柄和幼茎进行组织培养 ,结果表明 :用叶片进行组织培养的效果最好 ,愈伤组织最高诱导率达 3 7.1%;最适诱导培养基为MS +6-BA 1.0mg/L +2 ,4-D 1.0mg/L ;最适分化培养基为MS +6-BA 2 .0mg/L +2 ,4-D 1.0mg/L ;最好的继代增殖材料为幼根。试验还发现 :用 40 μg/L的硫酸链霉素可以有效防止细菌的污染 ;5g/L的活性炭防止褐变效果最好 ;把握好琼脂的用量及适当降低 6-BA的含量可以降低玻璃化现象的发生频率。     

不同蛋白质水平对獭兔繁殖性能的影响

选择年龄、体重基本一致,生长发育正常的健康獭兔种母兔24只,随机分成对照组以及A、B、c3个试验组,每组6只,对照组饲喂养殖场现有日粮（蛋白水平为15％）,试验组分别饲喂蛋白质水平为16％、18％、20％的日粮,研究不同蛋白质水平对獭兔繁殖性能的影响。结果表明。不同营养水平对窝产仔数、初生窝重没有明显影响,各组差异不显著（P〉0．05）,但对泌乳力、断奶窝重、断奶个体重等有明显影响。B组的泌乳力、断奶窝重与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0．05）,分别比对照组提高47．6％和1573．42g;断奶个体重,A组和B组均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,比对照组分别高30．9％和47．4％,B组显著高于A组（P〈0．05）,比A组高12．6％,C组与对照组差异不显著（P〉0．05）;各组断奶成活数、成活率差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

Effects of management regime on the abundance and nest survival of shrubland birds in wildlife openings in northern New England, USA

Many shrubland bird species are declining in eastern North America and as a result forest managers have used a variety of techniques to provide breeding habitat for these species. The maintenance of permanent “wildlife openings” using prescribed burns or mechanical treatments is a widely used approach for providing habitat for these species, but there have been no studies of the effects of treatment regime on bird abundance and nest survival in managed wildlife openings. We studied shrubland birds in wildlife openings on the White Mountain National Forest (WMNF) in New Hampshire and Maine, USA, during 2003 and 2004. We analyzed bird abundance and nest survival in relation to treatment type (burned versus mowed), treatment frequency, time since treatment, and patch area. We found that wildlife openings provided habitat for shrubland birds that are not present in mature forest. There was relatively modest support for models of focal bird species abundance as a function of treatment regime variables, despite pronounced effects of treatment on habitat conditions. This probably was attributable to the combined effects of complex site histories and bird site fidelity. Overall nest success (52%) was comparable to other types of early-successional habitats in the region, but there were few supported relationships between nest survival and treatment variables. We conclude that wildlife openings provide quality habitat for shrubland birds of high conservation interest as long as managers ensure treatment intervals are long enough to permit the development of woody vegetation characteristic of the later stages of this sere. Also, wildlife openings should be large enough to accommodate the territory sizes of all target species, which was ≥1.2 ha in this study.     

雄配子体选择在遗传偏分离中的效应分析

偏分离是一种广泛存在于生物中的遗传学现象,被认为是一种强有力的进化动力。本文从生殖隔离因子、细胞质效应以及环境因素三个方面分析了雄配子体选择可能导致的遗传偏分离效应。研究证明,位于细胞核基因组上的生殖隔离因子如配子体基因、不育基因等遗传因素导致的雄配子体选择是引起遗传偏分离的主要原因;而细胞质核互作导致的雄性不育产生的雄配子选择同样可导致核基因发生遗传偏分离;非遗传因素如环境温度等引起的雄配子选择也会导致遗传偏分离现象。     

黄曲条跳甲成虫生殖系统的解剖学观察

对黄曲条跳甲雌雄成虫生殖系统进行了解剖学观察。结果表明：雌成虫的生殖系统由1对卵巢、1对侧输卵管、中输卵管、交配囊、受精囊、生殖腔和产卵器组成;雄成虫生殖系统由睾丸、1对输精管、1对附腺、射精管和阳茎组成。雌成虫的每个卵巢有卵巢管8-12条,每条卵巢管有卵7-10粒,卵巢内的总卵数在112-240粒。雄成虫腹部和阳茎具有向内弯曲等特点,有利于交配成功。