改良剂施用对重金属污染土壤溶液化学性质及豇豆生理特性的影响研究

本文研究了在不同生长时期凹凸棒土、硅藻土、泥炭、腐植酸对土壤重金属的钝化及豇豆生理特性的影响。结果表明:由于土壤的缓冲性,4种改良剂对土壤溶液pH影响较小;泥炭、腐植酸对Zn、Cu的钝化效果比凹凸棒土、硅藻土好,但4种改良剂对土壤溶液Pb和Cd浓度影响不明显;腐植酸、凹凸棒土均在不同程度上提高了豇豆叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶的活性,其中腐植酸的作用最为明显。除泥炭外,3种改良剂均使豇豆叶片的丙二醛、脯氨酸含量降低。受叶片衰老的影响,成熟期各改良剂对豇豆生理特性的作用不如苗期明显;冗余分析表明:4种改良剂对重金属的钝化效果依次为腐植酸、泥炭、凹凸棒土、硅藻土。本次试验结果说明有机物料腐植酸、泥炭可作为缓解豇豆重金属Zn、Cu胁迫的改良剂。     

高寒草甸退化草地植被与土壤因子关系冗余分析

旨在研究高寒草甸退化草地植被与土壤因子的关系,设置研究样地、观测植物群落特征、采集土样、分析土壤主要物理化学性质,依据数量生态学基本原理,利用退化草地植被—土壤因子数据矩阵进行冗余分析。结果表明:高寒草甸群落莎草科高山嵩草、禾本科垂穗披碱草优势度随草地退化程度的加剧而降低,杂类草黄帚橐吾、豆科黄花棘豆优势度则呈相反变化趋势;RDA排序图中,第1排序轴反映高寒草甸退化程度及土壤温度、容质量、土壤含水量、全氮等因子的综合变化;第2排序轴反映土壤机械组成的综合变化。第1、第2排序轴解释74.5%的植被变化和83.2%的植被—土壤因子关系,并表明退化草地植被与土壤因子间极显著相关;莎草科、禾本科植物与土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤含水量等极显著正相关,与容质量、土壤温度极显著负相关;杂类草及豆科植物与土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤含水量等极显著负相关,而与容质量、土壤温度极显著正相关;13个土壤因子边际作用检验表明,土壤温度、容质量、有效氮、全氮等与退化草地植被的关系更密切。利用退化草地植被—土壤因子数据进行冗余分析反映出退化草地植被与土壤因子间关系密切,不同土壤因子对草地植被分布的影响不同。     

Planning tree species diversification in Kenya based on differences in tree species composition between farms. II. Analysis of tree niches.

Concerns exist about the limited diversity of tree species in agricultural landscapes. Complete tree inventories were carried out on 201 farms from four villages in western Kenya to establish whether significant differences in tree species composition existed between farms, and if so their magnitude and implications for new introductions and plantings. Novel types of ordination using the Hellinger ecological distance and polynomial Redundancy Analysis indicated wide heterogeneity between farms with respect to tree species composition of five niches, including homestead, cropland, fallow, woodlot, and external boundary (p ≤ 0.05). Multiple regression analysis confirmed the ordination results using the abundance of dominant species as the response variable. The relationship between location and species composition differed with those of two previous surveys. Methodological differences in sampling intensity, locations and time of sampling between these surveys could have caused the difference. The maps of spatial distribution of compositional types provided in the previous surveys were not confirmed, whereas villages were found to contain several farms with a species composition that was not typical of their village. Meaningful results about the species composition of a landscape should include several farms per village and use a sampling grid finer than 5×5 km².     

Weed seedbank response to planted fallow and tillage in southwest Nigeria

Planted fallows are an alternative to the unsustainable bush fallow for improved soil and weed management in the tropics. However, the interactive effects of planted fallows and tillage on the weed seedbank are not well documented in the tropical environment. The effect of fallow type and tillage on the weed seedbank in the soil was assessed in 1995 and 1996 at Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. The planted fallow species consisted of a herbaceous legume (Pueraria phaseoloides) and three woody legumes (Acacia auriculiformis, Leucaena leucocephala, and Senna siamea). Natural bush fallow and continuous cassava/maize plots were controls. Tillage treatments were minimum tillage and mounding. Continuous maize/cassava plots had the largest weed seedbank in both years. After six years of continuous fallow, the weed seedbank was 86% lower in A. auriculiformis, 79% in P. phaseoloides, 68% in S. siamea, 53% in L. leucocephala, and 35% in natural bush fallow plots than in continuously cultivated plots. Compared to minimum tillage, mounding reduced the seedbank by 47% in 1995 and 66% in 1996. Redundancy analysis showed that tillage contributed significantly to the variance in species composition. Euphorbia hyssopifolia, E. heterophylla, and Cynodon dactylon showed no preference in terms of tillage. Perennial and annual grasses (Digitaria horizontalis, Eleusine indica, Paspalum orbiculare, Cynodon dactylon) with Cyathula prostrata and Desmodium scorpiurus, an annual and perennial broadleaf, respectively, were most abundant in the seedbank of continuously cultivated plots. There were more annual broadleaf weeds in the seedbank of planted fallow plots than in the control plots. Species diversity of the seedbank was greatest in plots under minimum tillage. Mounding as a seedbed preparation method, especially within the improved fallow system, could reduce the high weed pressure experienced by smallholder farmers in southwest Nigeria.     

不同施肥处理稻田系统磷素输移特征研究

磷是水体富营养化限制性元素,近年来由于磷肥的过量施用,农田迁移的磷素已成为水体磷素的主要来源。本研究通过野外测坑定位试验,研究有机肥处理(OT)、混施肥处理(MT)和化肥处理(CT)3种施肥处理下,稻田中磷素的迁移流失特征及这3种处理对水稻产量和磷素利用率的影响,以探求稻田系统的最佳施磷方式。结果表明,CT、MT和OT 3种施肥方式的磷径流流失负荷分别为0.56 kg(P)·hm-2、1.13 kg(P)·hm-2和4.20 kg(P)·hm-2,渗漏流失负荷分别为0.42 kg(P)·hm-2、0.44 kg(P)·hm-2和0.45 kg(P)·hm-2;磷的径流流失占流失总量的56.86%~90.38%,是水稻田磷素流失的主要途径。磷的径流流失主要受施肥和降雨的影响,50%左右磷的流失发生在第1次径流过程;磷素渗漏流失特征不受施磷处理的影响,80%以上的流失发生在施肥后的前30 d。在磷素流失形态上,坑面水、渗漏水和径流水中磷素的主要形态均为可溶性磷;在土壤方面,MT处理和OT处理能保证土壤磷营养,CT处理的土壤有效磷和有机质含量则显著下降。3种施肥处理的水稻产量显著高于空白对照,且MT最高,为6 728.84 kg·hm-2;磷肥利用率CT和MT处理显著高于OT,CT和MT间差异不显著。综合比较,混施肥处理在磷素流失、土壤养分利用和水稻产量等方面更符合我国生态农业发展的要求。     

宁夏沙芦草群落分类及群落特征与环境关系的研究

本文调查了宁夏17个典型沙芦草(Agropyron mongolicum)群落,采用双向指示种分析(Two-way indicator species, TWINSPAN)对沙芦草群落进行数量分类,利用冗余分析(Redundancy analysis, RDA)分析了其与环境因子之间的关系,旨在为沙芦草的保育提供基础数据和理论指导。结果表明：沙芦草群系可分为7个群丛,分别为沙芦草+兴安胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)+猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)群丛,沙芦草+兴安胡枝子+刺沙蓬(Salsola tragus)群丛,沙芦草+猪毛蒿+赖草(Leymus secalinus)群丛,沙芦草+砂蓝刺头(Echinops gmelini)群丛,沙芦草+短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)群丛,沙芦草+猪毛蒿+短花针茅群丛,沙芦草+猪毛蒿+宿根亚麻(Linum perenne)群丛。RDA分析显示扰动、坡度、土壤水分含量、土壤全磷含量是影响沙芦草群落地上生物量的主要因素(P<0.05),而生长季降水量和坡向是影响沙芦草群落物种多样性的主要因素(P<...     

河西走廊荒漠土壤微生物群落结构及环境响应

荒漠土壤中微生物生存适应机制及其生态系统功能对揭示干旱区物质转化过程具有重要意义。本研究沿河西走廊东南至西北自然降水递减梯度下设置16个样地,采用高通量测序技术探究土壤细菌和真菌群落多样性特征,揭示微生物多样性、优势菌群与土壤机械组成、养分关系。结果显示：河西走廊荒漠土壤细菌中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）为优势群落,部分样地厚壁菌门相对丰度最高达85%;真菌中子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）为优势群落,其相对丰度均大于>5%。相关性分析显示：粗粉粒(0.05~0.02 mm)、细粉粒(0.25~0.10 mm)、黏粒(<0.002 mm)、有效磷(AP)和解碱氮(AN)对细菌多样性影响极显著,细粉粒(0.25~0.10 mm)、黏粒(<0.002 mm)、有效磷(AP)和解碱氮(AN)对真菌多样性影响极显著（P<0.01）。冗余分析显示：细粉粒(0.25~0.10 mm)和速效磷(AP)对细菌群落影响显著,黏粒（<0.002mm）和速效磷(AP)对真菌群落影响显著（P<0.05）。研究表明了河西走廊荒漠土壤微生物群落结构的组成、变化及影响因子,解释了土壤环境对微生物分布的影响及微生物对土壤生态系统系统发展的作用,为保护生物多样性及荒漠生态服务提供理论参考。     

西江鱼类群落结构和环境影响分析

2016-2018年,于珠江干流西江桂平至肇庆6个站点开展了季节性渔获物采集和环境监测,共采集鱼类12目29科99种,单次采集10~45种,香浓威纳指数(H’)为0.90~2.93,均匀度指数(J’)为0.30~0.89,物种组成为季节和空间的周转格局。相对重要性指数表明,鲮(Cirrhinus molitorella)、广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)和赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)为主要优势种。置换多因素方差分析表明鱼类群落时空差异显著,夏-冬季间群落结构差异主要源于鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲮、广东鲂和赤眼鳟质量百分比(W%)差异;桂平与梧州、肇庆的显著差异主要源于鲮、广东鲂和银(Squalidus argentatus)的数量百分比(N%)差异,以及鲮、广东鲂、鲤、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)的W%差异。冗余分析分别解释了鱼类N%和W%变异的49.92%和49.61%,主要影响因子为距河口距离、水温、透明度和径流量,且鲮分布在低透明度的高温水域,广东鲂和鲢分布在下游江段,赤眼鳟分布在中上游江段,鲤分布在高透明度的低温水域。     

Plant parasitic nematodes and spatio-temporal variation in natural vegetation

In this paper, the possible role of plant parasitic nematodes as a driving force of change in natural vegetation is analysed using the succession at coastal foredunes as a model. In pot trials, when grown in natural substrates from mature stands, seedlings of dominant foredune plants showed poor growth when compared to sterilised substrates. In natural substrates from preceding stages, growth reduction was far less, or even non-significant. Chemical soil treatment with nematicides resulted in enhanced growth of the seedlings. Inoculation of ectoparasitic nematodes reduced plant growth, but only at densities much higher than those occurring in control pots with unsterilised field soil. Identification at species level showed that endoparasitic nematodes are specifically associated with particular plant species. Therefore, it is hypothesised that the distribution of endoparasitic nematodes may be an important factor leading to the specific nature of soil pathogen complexes in coastal foredunes. We discuss the role of endoparasitic nematodes as possible key species in soil communities and compare the possible effects of specific vs. generalistic plant parasitic nematodes in soil communities on vegetation processes.     

高寒草甸退化阶段植物群落多样性与系统多功能性的联系

高寒草地在碳储量、生产力、养分循环以及涵养水源等方面的系统功能与群落生物多样性紧密相关,但现阶段大多数研究仅从少数的或单一生态系统功能与群落多样性之间的关系展开.基于此,本研究采用冗余分析和因子分析对青藏高原东缘退化高寒草甸群落进行了多功能性评价,探讨草地生态系统多功能性与植物群落多样性之间的关系.结果表明:随草地退化...