宁南山区不同土地利用类型下土壤水分分布及其干燥化特征

为明确宁南山区不同土地利用类型下土壤干层垂直分布特征和影响因子,本试验运用干层起始深度（Forming depth of desiccated soil layer,DSLFD）、干层厚度（Thicknesses of desiccated soil layer,DSLT）、干燥化指数（Soil desiccation index, SDI）及土壤水分相对亏缺指数（Compared soil water deficit index,CSWDI）对0~600 cm土壤干层状况进行定量评价,同时采用典型相关性分析确定影响土壤干层的主控因素。结果表明：宁南山区林地、灌木地、草地、弃耕地和农地0~600 cm平均土壤水分（Soil moisture content, SMC）含量分别为11.46%,11.79%,14.97%,14.52%和14.66%。草地、弃耕地和农地未出现土壤干层,林地和灌木地分别呈现中等和轻度干燥化,DSLT均为440 cm,干层内土壤平均含水量（Desiccated soil layer-soil moisture content,DSL-SMC）分别为9.10%和9.93%,林地土壤强烈干燥层、严重干燥层、中等干燥层和轻度干燥层厚度分别为40,200,180和20 cm,灌木地土壤严重干燥层、中等干燥层和轻度干燥层厚度分别为80、240和120 cm。不同土地利用类型下60~600 cm土层CSWDI均值呈现出林地（0.58） > 灌木地（0.46） > 弃耕地（-0.03） > 草地（-0.08）。冗余分析（Redundancy analysis,RDA）分析表明土地利用类型、土壤、植被养分状况是影响土壤干燥化的主控因子。宁南山区不同土地利用类型下乔木和灌木存在土壤干层,应采取树体修剪、整地、控制种植密度等措施恢复土壤水分,以促进区域水土资源可持续利用和林草植被恢复。     

飞播马尾松林土壤种子库的萌发特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系

土壤种子库是植被更新和恢复的物质基础,对地面植被恢复有着重要意义。以江西省兴国县飞播马尾松林为研究对象,通过标准地调查、土壤理化性状测定及土壤种子库萌发试验,分析土壤种子库的萌发特征及其与土壤因子的关系。结果表明:土壤种子库有23种植物,隶属于17个科,0~10 cm土层种子密度为9.8×102粒m~(-2)。不同坡位土壤种子达到萌发最高峰的时间、萌发平缓期持续的时间相差不大,但单子叶植物与双子叶植物间达到萌发峰值点的时间有所差异;萌发种子数与时间关系呈双"S"型曲线,表现出"平缓-上升-平缓-上升-平缓"的变化过程。采用主成分分析提取非毛管孔隙、土壤含水量、全N、全P、有机质5个变量进行冗余分析,得出对土壤种子库影响较大的是非毛管孔隙度与土壤含水量。     

A statistical approach to decompose ecological variation

As indicators of pollutant deposition, epiphytic algae on Norway spruce needles and lichens on Scots pine trunks were monitored at 15 sites over Sweden for 4 and 12 years, respectively. Pollutant deposition was measured simultaneously. The algae and lichens were strongly correlated to three groups of environmental factors namely geographical position, climate and pollutant deposition. Use of partial Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed that the major part, 67%, of the total explained variation of algae was the joint effect of the three environmental factor groups. Climatic factors alone and the joint effects of S and N deposition and climate make up 13% and 12%, respectively. Pure geography and deposition accounted for less than 5% each. Also with lichens the main variation, 41%, was due to the joint effect of the three groups whereas 27% was due to pure geography and 14% to pure climate. Deposition alone and the joint effect of deposition and climate made up 5% and less. It suggests that the algae were mainly influenced by climate and deposition, and the lichens by climate and geographic position.     

湘江流域大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

采用野外调查的方法,结合Shannon多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数、Pielou群落均匀度指数和冗余分析(RDA),研究了湘江流域底栖动物群落结构、多样性及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,底栖动物3门、6纲、15目、31科、43种。其中节肢动物22种,占51.16%;软体动物16种,占37.21%;环节动物5种,占11.63%。底栖动物优势种中的霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、方格短沟蜷(Semisulcospira cancellata)和椭圆萝卜螺(Radix swinhoei)在流域内的分布具有显著的空间差异性(P﹤0.05)。底栖动物丰度和生物量在秋季最高、冬季最低。底栖动物丰度的空间差异、季节差异均显著(P0.05),生物量的空间差异和季节差异均不显著。底栖动物群落的Shannon-Wienner指数(H')、丰富度指数(dM)和均匀度指数(J)的平均值分别为1.5145、2.0635和0.7041;湘江航电枢纽的物种多样性最高,松柏最低。RDA分析表明,重金属Cu和Cr是影响湘江流域底栖动物群落结构的关键因子,其次为石油类、Se、p H、氟化物、CODMn、COD和Zn。从种类水平看,椭圆萝卜螺可以作为湘江重金属Cr的指示物种,霍甫水丝蚓对重金属Zn敏感,格氏短沟蜷(Semisulcospira gredleri)耐受重金属Cu,耐污种类多足摇蚊(Polypedilum sp.)与COD、石油类环境轴呈正相关,前突摇蚊(Procladius sp.)与CODMn环境轴呈正相关;敏感种类扁蜉(Heptageniidae sp.)、带角螺(Angulyagra annulatus)与氟化物、COD呈负相关,四节蜉(Baetidae sp.)、闪蚬(Corbicula nitens)与CODMn呈负相关;不耐重金属类群的日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)、纹石蛾(Hydropsychidae sp.)与Cu、Cr环境轴呈负相关。     

阅海城市湿地典型植被群落土壤活性有机碳组分分布特征

明确湿地土壤活性有机碳组分分布特征对评价旱区生态效益、实现“双碳”目标等有重要作用。本研究以银川市阅海城市湿地为研究对象,分析城市湿地典型植被群落不同土层土壤有机碳、全氮及活性有机碳的分布特征。结果表明：0～60 cm土层芦苇(Phragmites australis)、茭白(Zizania latifolia)、香蒲(Typha orientalis)、菖蒲(Acorus tatarinowii)及碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)生长区土壤有机碳平均含量分别为2.13,2.99,2.77,3.35和3.15 g·kg^-1。各植被类型下活性有机碳组分中可溶性有机碳变化规律与总有机碳一致。易氧化碳与微生物量碳含量均表现为碱蓬高于其他植被类型。湿地土壤有机碳含量与黏粒呈显著负相关,与全氮呈显著正相关。冗余分析发现植被类型和土层深度差异是影响土壤有机碳及其组分分布的主要因子。该研究表明植被类型会影响湿地的固碳能力,香蒲较其他植被固碳能力更强,而碱蓬生长区碳库稳定性及固碳能力均较弱。     

Multivariate analysis of relationship between potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield,amount of applied elements,their concentrations in tubers and uptake in a long-term fertilizer experiment

The aim of this study was to investigate how potato yield, the concentrations of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in tubers and their uptake are affected by mineral N, P and K fertilizers, straw and pig slurry application.     

环境因子对山区粮食气候产量的影响——以云南省为例

高原山区土地资源短缺、人地矛盾突出,应对气候变化的能力尤为脆弱,探讨高原山区环境因子对粮食气候产量的影响,可为山区土地资源的合理利用和保护提供科学依据。本文利用云南省各县1985-2012年平均粮食单产数据,采用生物模型Logistic函数模拟趋势产量,以计算气候产量。提取同时期气候、地形、土壤等17个环境因子,利用相关分析、冗余分析（Redundancy analysis,RDA）等统计分析方法探究环境因子对山区气候产量的定量影响。结果表明：研究区多年平均气候产量为-0.15～-0.01t·hm-2,且研究时段内呈降低趋势;气候产量与土壤全钾含量呈极显著负相关,与坡度、坡向呈极显著正相关,与其它14个环境因子无显著相关性。RDA分析结果表明,坡度、坡向、土壤碳氮比、气温、土壤pH、土壤全钾含量6个环境变量为最小解释变量组合。坡度是影响山区粮食生产的关键性环境因子之一,与粮食实际产量呈负相关,而与气候产量呈正相关。坡度单因子可解释44.62%的粮食实际产量、26.29%气候产量的变化。从研究结果看,气候产量相对较高的地区通过坡改梯、土壤培肥等手段提高粮食单产是气候变化前提下维持区域粮食生产安全的有效途径。     

The influence of soil conditions on regeneration establishment for degraded secondary forest restoration, Southern China

To assess the impact of soil conditions on regeneration establishment we chose three diversity indexes as quantitative indicators of the understory of degraded secondary tropical forest, and selected two different function groups of species for subsequent restoration management. By applying redundancy analysis (RDA) the factors affecting understory diversity and species richness and number of different function groups were investigated. RDA showed that soil conditions had a positive effect (all contribution rates exceeded 55%) in explaining regeneration diversity, grouped species richness and number. Soil available P were the main factors affecting understory diversity and species richness, while pH value and available K were the main factors affecting species number and target species. The response of regeneration to pH value, available P and available K were different. This analysis could be used to determine suitable soil conditions for different restoration purposes. The results should be useful for effective and scientific management of regeneration restoration in the future.     

滴灌春小麦植株干物质积累与分配特性及对产量的影响

为明确"一管6"滴灌条件下不同小麦品种、不同行间干物质积累与转运特征及其对产量的影响,以来自新疆、内蒙、宁夏等不同地区的7个春小麦品种为材料,研究距滴管带远近不同行小麦植株(距滴管带最近行记为R1、中间行记为R2,最远行记为R3)叶面积指数、开花期和成熟期植株各器官干物质积累量。结果表明:(1)不同春小麦品种行间叶面积指数大小与其产量呈正相关(R~2=0.50),‘克春11号’行间叶面积指数最大,依次为‘新春37号’‘宁春4号’行间叶面积指数变异系数最小;(2)试验春小麦品种行间籽粒产量与花后干物质积累量与成熟期干物质积累量均呈正相关(R~2分别为0.72与0.91),开花期与成熟期各器官干物质积累量均与产量呈正相关。(3)‘新春37号’‘克春11号’‘高原506号’‘宁春53号’与‘宁春4号’的R2与R3花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率低于R1,但其花前干物质积累量转移率均高于R1;‘农麦2号’与‘津强7号’的R2与R3花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率高于R1,但其花前干物质积累量转移率均低于R1;(4)开花期行间叶片干物质积累量的降幅对籽粒产量的降幅影响最大,穗+穗轴行间干物质的降幅对籽粒干物质积累量的降幅影响最小。有效穗数R2与R3相对于R1的降幅增大,开花期与成熟期各器官干物质积累量远近行间的降幅会减小,同时千粒质量与穗粒数的降幅也会减小。‘新春37号’与‘克春11号’在"1管6"滴灌模式下产量水平高,‘宁春4号’在"1管6"滴灌模式下行间产量变异系数小,叶面积指数与干物质积累量的行间稳定性均可为筛选品种在"1管6"滴灌模式下行间产量稳定性的参考指标。穗数的增大会使干物质积累与产量的行间差异变大,千粒质量或者穗粒数的提高有助于新疆滴灌小麦产量的提高。     

Long-term fertilization regimes influence FAME profiles of microbial communities in an arable sandy loam soil in Northern China

Soil samples collected from a long-term (19-year) experimental field with seven treatments were analyzed for fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) to determine fertilization regime effects on microbial community structure in sandy loam soils. The amounts of FAMEs in bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi were highest with the two organic manure (OM)-fertilized treatments (OM and 1/2 OMN – half OM plus half mineral fertilizer), lowest with the NK treatment, and fell in the middle levels with three mineral P-fertilized treatments (NPK, NP and PK) and the control with no fertilizer (CK), with the exception of fungi which showed no significant difference among the five treatments without OM fertilization. Principal component analysis of FAME patterns indicated that NPK was not significantly different from CK, but the two manure-containing treatments and the P-deficiency treatment (NK) were significantly different from CK and NPK. Redundancy analysis plot showed that FAME amounts significantly correlated to soil organic C and total N contents, while soil available P and total P contents, which were greatly decreased by the NK treatment, also had positive and substantial effects on soil microbial FAMEs. The results demonstrated the importance of P fertilization as well as organic manure in maintaining soil microbial biomass and impacting community structure.