油菜移栽机分苗装置分苗过程与钵苗钵体完整性分析

针对部分分苗装置适应性差、钵体易破损及结构复杂的问题,提出一种输送带式钵苗分苗装置,构建了分苗过程中送苗与分苗阶段的运动学模型,开展了不同挤压方式下的钵体完整性试验,分析得出了输送平稳、钵体完整的条件。结果表明:钵苗在特定基质成份及含水率前提下钵体上边缘最小屈服力为6.8 N,钵体上边缘及侧面受重复挤压力时均有较好的恢复性。钵苗送苗阶段输送平稳性与摩擦系数关系较大,完整性与钵苗自身的屈服力和挤压力有关;钵体在分苗阶段满足完整性前提下,夹持力越大,夹持高度越低,钵苗稳定性越好。分苗合页的动摩擦系数μ1≤0.3375,输送带的动摩擦系数μ2满足0.5μ1μ2≤0.3375,钵苗抗挤压破损力大于1.99 N时,油菜钵苗在送苗阶段可平稳输送且保持完整。该研究为油菜钵苗移栽机结构改进提供了参考。     

温室水培叶菜高速稀植机构设计与试验

温室水培叶菜幼苗种植需将钵苗从穴盘移栽至栽培槽中,传统人工作业劳动强度大、效率低,而通过移栽机自动化作业效率高、质量好.该研究设计了一种多移植手的穴盘取苗高速稀植移栽机构,可实现穴盘内成排取苗和栽培槽变间距并行植苗作业.高速稀植移栽机采用受拉缓冲带串接针爪式多移植手减缓变间距栽植过程中的不等速冲击,通过油压缓冲器减缓多...     

淡水和9‰盐度条件下红罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼正反交试验

[目的]探讨淡水和盐水对红罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼杂交子代的生长和发育的影响。[方法]在淡水和9‰盐度条件下通过红罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼的正反交试验,测定F1代成活率、日均增重量、特定生长率、体色比和雌雄比,并探讨淡水和9‰盐水对正反不同杂交组子代生长性状的影响。[结果]正反交淡水组F1代日均增重量、特定生长率均低于9‰盐水组,9‰盐水更能促进罗非鱼的生长。正交淡水组子代花斑色个体占82%,全红色与全黑色比例接近1∶1;9‰盐水组F1代以全红色和花斑色为主,分别占39%和48%,全黑色占13%;反交组无黑色子代出现,淡水组全红色个体占58%,花斑色占42%,而9‰盐度组以全红色个体为主,为84%。9‰盐水在一定程度上促进子代红色和花斑色个体的出现。正反交淡水组雌雄比例接近1∶2,9‰盐水组后代雌雄比例接近2∶3。9‰盐水促进子代雌性个体的出现。[结论]9‰盐水对罗非鱼种内正反杂交后代性别决定有一定影响。     

Nitrogen addition enhances home-field advantage during litter decomposition in subtropical forest plantations

Nitrogen (N) exerts strong effects on litter decomposition through altering microbial abundance and community composition. However, the effect of N addition on plant–soil interactions such as home-field advantage (HFA: enhanced decomposition at a home environment compared to a guest environment) in relation to litter decomposition remains unclear. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a reciprocal litter transplant plus N addition experiment in Mytilaria laosensis and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations for two years in subtropical China where anthropogenic N input is amongst the highest in the world. We found positive HFA effects (in which the calculation incorporates litter of both species) with litter mass loss 11.2% faster at home than in the guest environment in the N addition (50 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) treatment, but no significant HFA effects were found in the control treatment. The magnitude of the HFA effect on carbon (C) release increased with N addition, while that on N release decreased. The HFA effects on phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium release were positive overall, but varied through time and the magnitude of the effects were different among elements. The greater HFA effects in the N addition treatment were associated with greater differences in microbial biomass and community composition between home and guest environments than in the control treatment. Our results indicate that anthropogenic N enrichment could lead to enhanced HFA effects, through modification of microbial communities, and thereby affect C sequestration and N cycling in subtropical forests.     

Site of leaf origin affects how mixed litter decomposes

Recent studies have demonstrated that mass loss, nutrient dynamics, and decomposer associations in leaf litter from a given plant species can differ when leaves of that species decay alone compared to when they decay mixed with other species’ leaves. Results of litter-mix experiments have been variable, however, making predictions of decomposition in mixtures difficult. It is not known, for example, whether interactions among litter types in litter mixes are similar across sites, even for litter mixtures containing the same plant species. To address this issue, we used reciprocal transplants of litter in compartmentalized litterbags to study decomposition of equal-mass litter mixtures of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) at four forest sites in northwestern Connecticut. These species differ significantly in litter quality. Red oak always has higher lignin concentrations than maple, and here C:N is lower in oak leaves and litter, a pattern often observed when oak coexists with maple. Overall, we observed less mass loss and lower N accumulation in sugar maple and red oak litter mixtures than we predicted from observed dynamics in single-species litterbags. Whether these differences were significant or not depended on the site of origin of the leaves (P<0.02), but there was no significant interaction between sites of decay and the differences in observed and predicted decomposition (P>0.2) . Mixing of leaf litter types could have significant impacts on nutrient cycling in forests, but the extent of the impacts can vary among sites and depends on the origin of mixed leaves even when the species composition of mixes is constant.     

陕北山旱地枣园平衡施肥技术的研究

本文以土壤———枣树营养元素平衡为理论基础确定一定产量下的肥料合理配比和肥料效应的数学模型 ,通过L9(3 3)正交试验 ,以生产要素报酬率为理论依据 ,分析了一定产量下的肥料用量以及平衡施肥对红枣产量、水分利用效率的影响 ,论述了山旱地枣园平衡施肥的边际产量及其经济效益 ,提出了当地山旱地枣园经济合理施肥的计算模型和施肥方法以及合理施肥的有效条件。     

矩阵上的反自同态与反自同构

研究代数系统之间的同构与同态是代数学的一个重要内容.映射(?)_1(A)=A~T;(?)_2(A)=A;及(?)_3(A)=A~(-1),若A可逆 O_(n×n),若A不可逆 分别是F~(n×n)和GL_n(F)上的三个重要的反自同态和反自同构.文章运用线性代数的方法给出了上述结果的一种简单证明.这种方法适于教学、浅显易懂.     

模糊互补判断矩阵的对数最小二乘法和对数最小一乘法

利用正互反判断矩阵与模糊互补判断矩阵的转换关系,探讨模糊互补判断矩阵的两种排序方法———对数最小二乘法和对数最小一乘法。     

棉花移栽机旋转式取苗机构的运动学分析及虚拟试验

为了实现棉花移栽自动取苗,针对棉花基质苗茎秆抗拉力远大于取苗力的特点,该文提出高阶混合变性椭圆齿轮行星系夹苗式取苗机构,并建立该机构的运动学数学模型,分析夹苗式取苗工作的运动目标,编写机构优化分析软件,确定一组机构参数:啮合齿轮中心距58 mm,第1级基椭圆的偏心率为0.2,二阶变形椭圆齿轮的主变形系数0.9,第2级基椭圆的偏心率为0.14,一阶变形椭圆齿轮的主变形系数0.18,初始时刻太阳轮标线的安装角为13π/18、行星架OA边与太阳轮标线的夹角为π/2、中间轴A上安装的第2中间轮与第1中间轮标线的夹角为7π/18、行星架AB边相对与第2中间轮标线夹角为35π/36、取苗爪BE边相对于第1行星轮标线夹角π/6、取苗爪BE边与BT边夹角7π/18、取苗爪BT边长度150 mm,工作轨迹的取苗段与苗箱夹角91°、取苗过程行星架转角36°、取苗过程苗与钵盘不干涉、取苗过程取苗爪摆角5°、入苗段与取苗段轨迹夹角为85°、投苗角76°、两取苗爪之间最小距离49 mm。机构的虚拟试验表明,该型取苗机构的工作轨迹和理论计算吻合,满足夹苗式取苗工作要求,取苗爪在取苗段速度较大利于快速取苗,周期速度曲线平滑,该研究结果为棉花基质育苗移栽自动取苗提供了参考。     

与紧凑型小麦品种"莱州3279"正反交F1杂种优势比较

以莱州 32 79为中心亲本 ,与冀东地区 5个基因型不同的冬小麦品种配置正反交组合 ,并对 10个正反交 F1 的产量性状、叶绿素含量及旗叶与茎秆间的夹角进行了对比分析。结果表明 :无论正交还是反交 ,5个产量性状平均中亲杂种优势大小顺序均为 :单株产量 >单株有效穗数 >千粒重 >穗粒数 >每穗结实小穗数。单株产量表现出最强的杂种优势 ,但个别组合优势不明显 ,甚至出现负优势。大部分组合叶绿素含量杂种优势不明显 ,只有 1个组合正反交 F1 叶绿素含量均表现出较强的杂种优势。同一性状的杂种优势某些组合正交高于反交 ,而某些组合反交高于正交。莱州 32 79株型直立紧凑 ,与其他品种配成的正反交 F1 旗叶夹角减小幅度均较大 ,该品种对改良株型有很好的利用价值。杂种优势的表达很复杂 ,不仅与杂种核基因有关 ,核质互作对杂种优势也有很强的影响。