Effects of 8 hemodynamic conditions on direct blood pressure values obtained simultaneously from the carotid,femoral and dorsal pedal arteries in dogs

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of 8 hemodynamic conditions on blood pressure measurements taken from the carotid, femoral and dorsal pedal arteries of dogs.AnimalsSix healthy dogs.MethodsDuring isoflurane anesthesia, catheters were introduced into the carotid, femoral and dorsal pedal arteries of dogs to allow simultaneous monitoring of direct blood pressure in each artery. The dogs were submitted to 8 hemodynamic conditions induced by combining changes in heart rate (bradycardia, normocardia, tachycardia) with changes in blood pressure (hypotension, normotension, hypertension). Values obtained from each arterial catheter were compared and agreement between central (carotid) and peripheral (femoral and dorsal pedal) values were analyzed by the Bland–Altman method.ResultsDuring hypotensive conditions, systolic arterial pressure (SAP) was lower in the femoral and dorsal pedal arteries compared to the carotid artery whereas during normotensive and hypertensive conditions, SAP was higher in peripheral arteries. During hypotensive states, increases in heart rate resulted in greater bias between central and peripheral SAP whereas during normotensive states, the bias decreased as heart rate increased. Mean and diastolic arterial pressures were lower in the femoral and dorsal pedal arteries than in the carotid artery during most hemodynamic conditions.ConclusionsIn healthy anesthetized dogs, invasive blood pressure measurements in peripheral arteries may differ significantly from measurements in a central artery. The greatest differences were observed in SAP and the magnitude of differences between central and peripheral blood pressure measurements varied according to the dog's hemodynamic condition.     

Resonance Rayleigh Scattering Spectra of an Ion-Association Complex of Naphthol Green B–Chitosan System and Its Application in the Highly Sensitive Determination of Chitosan

This work describes a highly-sensitive and accurate approach for the determination of chitosan (CTS) using Naphthol Green B (NGB) as a probe in the Resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) method. The interaction between CTS and NGB leads to notable enhancement of RRS, and the enhancement is proportional to the concentration of CTS over a certain range. Under optimum conditions, the calibration curve of ΔI against CTS concentration was ΔI = 1860.5c + 86.125 (c, µg/mL), R² = 0.9999, and the linear range and detection limit (DL) were 0.01–5.5 µg/mL and 8.87 ng/mL. Moreover, the effect of the molecular weight of CTS on the accurate quantification of CTS was studied. The experimental data were analyzed through linear regression analysis using SPSS20.0, and the molecular weight was found to have no statistical significance. This method has been applied to assay two CTS samples and obtained good recovery and reproducibility.     

Do nitrogen isotope patterns reflect microbial colonization of soil organic matter fractions?

Different theories have been brought forward to explain the commonly observed δ¹⁵N enrichment with depth in soil profiles, including the discrimination against ¹⁵N during N decomposition and the buildup of ¹⁵N-enriched microbial residues. A combination of soil organic matter (SOM) size and density fractionations, ¹⁵N determinations, and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses was conducted on soils from a pristine N-limited Nothofagus forest in southern Chile. The purpose of this study was to investigate which SOM fractions mostly reflect the ¹⁵N-enrichment pattern and to link ¹⁵N SOM enrichment with microbial community composition. Nitrogen-15 enrichments were greater for the microaggregate (<150 μm) than for the macroaggregate (>150 μm) size fraction, with Rayleigh isotope enrichment factors averaging −8.5‰ and −3.7‰, respectively. The macro-organic matter density fractions (>150 μm) showed intermediate enrichment factors of −5.1‰ and −7.3‰ for the light (<1.37 g cm⁻³) and heavy (>1.37 g cm⁻³) fraction, respectively. The abundance of fungal and bacterial PLFAs was significantly higher in the microaggregate compared to the macroaggregate size fraction, but their relative abundance did not change between aggregate size fractions. Our data link differential ¹⁵N enrichment of SOM fractions to “total” microbial abundance and, as such, corroborates existing theories of microbial-induced ¹⁵N enrichment. Isotopic fractionation during microbial N decomposition processes alone could not explain the large ¹⁵N enrichment in the microaggregate size fraction (−8.5‰) and the heavy density fraction (−7.3‰). We therefore suggest that microbial turnover and accretion of ¹⁵N-enriched microbial (especially fungal) compounds was an additional driver for ¹⁵N enrichment of this soil profile.     

一种圆台型人工鱼礁非线性波浪作用受力分析

为探求人工鱼礁水平波浪受力的非线性影响因素,获取更接近实际水平波浪力的数值计算方法,以校核验证鱼礁在海底的力学稳定性。本研究基于二阶Stokes波浪理论,借助无量纲化方法对计算水平波浪力的Morison方程进行非线性因素分析。以一种圆台型人工鱼礁为例,采用计算流体力学方法实施边界造波,建立求解鱼礁波浪力的三维非线性波浪数值水槽模型。依据数值计算结果,采用回归分析方法,求得鱼礁在二阶Stokes波浪作用下,正向最大受力(Fmax)与波陡(δ)最佳关系方程：Fmax=?0.89+110.44δ,相关系数(R2)为0.9795;最大负向受力(F–max)与波陡(δ)最佳关系方程：F?max=?0.10?83.52δ,相关系数(R2)为0.9899。圆台型鱼礁在本研究中给定最小与最大波陡波浪下的不漂移安全系数与不翻滚安全系数分别为3.45、2.11与7.54、3.96。研究表明,影响人工鱼礁波浪受力的主要非线性因子为波陡项,随着波陡的增加,非线性作用逐渐加强。鱼礁水平波浪力值随波浪运动做周期性正、负变化,同一时刻,其受力值随着波陡值的增加而增大;鱼礁正、负向最大波浪力与波浪波陡值分别呈正、负线性增长关系;圆台型式人工鱼礁抗滑移与抗翻滚特性较好,在大波陡波浪作用下具有良好的安全稳定性。     

潜浮式船型桁架结构深海养殖网箱避浪性能研究

深海网箱作为现代海洋渔业拓展外海养殖空间的重要养殖装备,其布设环境一般较近海更为复杂恶劣,对于保障其安全性和稳定性提出了更高的要求。本研究针对一种单点系泊潜浮式船型桁架网箱开展了模型比尺为1︰40的波浪流水池试验,重点围绕该网箱在不同吃水深度受波浪作用的系泊受力、升沉、纵摇和横摇等水动力学特性进行了比较分析。试验结果显示,波高为7.5~12.5 cm时(原型3~5 m),网箱漂浮状态即可以满足养殖需求,其系泊力及运动响应均较小,具备较高的安全性和稳定性;恶劣海况时,即本试验中波高为15.0和17.5 cm (原型6 m和7 m),通过整体下潜的方式网箱具有良好的避浪性能,其中,系泊力减幅达70%以上,升沉、纵摇和横摇等运动分量减幅也达20%~60%;波流试验中,海流对网箱避浪性能存在一定的影响,但总体上仍然具有较好的避浪效果。研究结果可为单点系泊潜浮式深海网箱的安全运行与日常管理提供理论依据和数据参考。     

Design development of porous collar barrier for offshore floating fish cage against wave action,debris and predators

This paper presents a design concept of a porous collar barrier for a novel floating open-net fish cage that is integrated with a floating spar wind turbine (referred to as COSPAR fish cage). The COSPAR fish cage has an octagonal shape with each side length of 30m. The collar barrier, having an array of rectangular cut-outs with round corners, is installed at the top portion of the cage to attenuate wave transmission inside the cage as well as to protect fish from external predators and debris. Single and double collar barrier designs corresponding to single net and double net cages are studied. The wave transmission, reflection and energy-loss coefficients of barriers are determined from numerical analysis based on the linear potential wave theory and the eigenfunction expansion method. Various underwater heights (2m ≤ h ≤ 8m) and porosity (0.25≤ ε ≤ 0.75) of the collar barriers are examined with the view to obtaining the barrier design for minimal transmission coefficient and energy-loss coefficient. Without a collar barrier, the single net and double net cage can only provide average wave transmission coefficients of 0.9 and 0.8, respectively. This study finds that the transmission coefficient could be reduced below 0.4 by having a single collar barrier with h = 4m and ε = 0.25. On the other hand, the transmission coefficient could be further reduced below 0.3 by a double collar barrier with the same h and ε. In addition, the double collar barrier gives lower energy-loss coefficient and better proofing against fish escape, biosecurity and predator intrusion than the single collar barrier. A double collar barrier design with porosity combination of ε₁ = 0.25, ε₂ = 0.5 is recommended for the COSPAR fish cage as it yields competitive wave scattering performances and saves collar material by 25 % when compared with the best performing porosity combination of ε₁ = ε₂ = 0.25.     

蒸发与降水入渗过程中不同水体氢氧同位素变化规律

为了研究土壤水蒸发与降水入渗非饱和带过程中不同水体氢氧同位素的变化规律,该文选用2种不同性质的土壤-砂土和黄土,设计了土壤水蒸发和降水入渗室内试验。结果表明:对于砂土,土壤水蒸发过程中剩余水体氢氧同位素分馏遵从瑞利模式;对于黄土,随着蒸发时间的延长,剩余土壤水氢氧同位素值越来越远离瑞利分馏关系线;在降水入渗非饱和带的初期,相对于风干砂土,风干的黄土颗粒对土柱出流水的氢氧同位素值产生了影响,并且出流水的氢氧同位素亦受到土壤原水同位素值的影响,只有入渗的降水达到了一定数量,土柱出流水才能与降水的同位素值相同。该研究可为运用氢氧同位素研究降水能否通过非饱和带补给地下水提供数据分析的依据。     

入侵害虫桔小实蝇检测方法的研究发展概况

文章首先归纳了重要的世界性检疫害虫-桔小实蝇的分布与为害等生物生态学特性,如其目前分布于中国的湖南、广东、广西、贵州、福建、四川、海南、云南、台湾等省份或地区,为害近300种果蔬植物,主要为害果实,世代相互重叠,具有群集取食的习性。接着从形态鉴定检测、声波检测及分子检测3个方面概述了近年来桔小实蝇的检测方法研究的发展趋势及各检测方法的优缺点,提出了为适应水果进出口贸易快速通关的大局进一步开展对桔小实蝇检测鉴定新技术研究的迫切需要,最后提出了关于桔小实蝇研究的热点问题,如生态适应规律及机制、扩散途径及机制、可持续控制措施等。     

The effects of marine protected areas on the population dynamics of a South African limpet, Cymbula oculus, relative to the influence of wave action

Populations of a protandric limpet, Cymbula oculus, were compared between two South African Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), Dwesa and Tsitsikamma, and four exploited sites, and between sites exposed to or sheltered from strong wave action. Harvesting is decimating populations of this limpet. Compared with harvested sites, limpets in MPAs were 30-50% larger, adult densities 75% greater and biomass 30-90% greater. The female:male ratio was 0.58:1 inside the MPAs, but 0.11:1 at harvested sites. Growth rate and age-at-maturity were unaffected by harvesting, but survivorship was 10-fold higher inside MPAs, and reproductive output a staggering 80-fold higher. Conversely, recruitment was three times higher in harvested than protected areas, and inversely correlated with adult density. Wave action had negative effects of similar magnitude to harvesting. Limpets at sheltered sites were 65% larger, biomass 80% greater, female proportions 40% higher, survivorship 25% greater and growth 33% greater. Recruitment was, however, 45% greater at wave-exposed sites. All these effects were detected only inside the MPAs, being masked by harvesting elsewhere. The impacts of harvesting and wave action could never have been detected without the existence of MPAs, emphasizing their importance for base-line studies as well as protection. Dwesa MPA is under threat from poaching and demands for access to resources, but a strong case exists for retaining at least a core fully protected area. Our results clearly illustrate the need for MPAs among the tools used for coastal management.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同水体间转化特征——以韭园沟流域为例

为研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区降水、地表水和地下水间的转化特征,以绥德县韭园沟流域作为研究对象,通过测定雨水、沟道水和井水的氢氧同位素组成,分析各水体的δD-δ18O特征、氢氧同位素的时间变化和沿程变化,明确各不同水体间的补给关系,估算流域上游沟道水补给井水的过程中因蒸发损失的水量.结果表明:韭园沟流域沟道水和井水的δD和δ18O之间具有良好的线性关系;井水氢氧同位素相对于沟道水较富集且稳定,降水、气温、风速等气象因子对沟道水氢氧同位素影响强烈,对井水影响较弱;流域沟道水与井水均来源于大气降水,能够有效补给地下水的大气降水氢氧同位素加权平均值为:δ18O=-11‰,δD=-79.80‰;沟道水向井水的转化以单向排泄补给为主,两者转化过程中由于蒸发作用引起的水量损失占补给源水量的7％.