The optimal nutrition of maize in the hungarian national long‐term field experimental network

In Hungary, maize is grown on 1 million ha and occupies more than 20% of the arable land. The rich assortment of maize cultivars of different vegetation periods and different responses to nutritional effects, water supply etc. gives the growers the possibility to choose the cultivars suiting best the site characteristics (Jolânkai et al. 1999). Among the cereals maize has the highest genetical potential. To utilize its yield and quality potential, soil types of high nutrient content and regular nutrient supply are required (Gyõrffy, 1979). Both over‐ and under‐fertilization have an unfavourable effect on the yield and quality of maize (Debreczeni, 1985). Crops can be supplied with the appropriate nutrient amounts only with the knowledge of soil characteristics in the different agro‐ecological regions (nutrient content, water supply, soil compactness, pH, nutrient supplying capacity etc.). In Hungary, a network of long‐term field fertilization trials with uniform fertilizer treatments has been maintained at nine experimental sites representing different agro‐ecological regions of the country. This experimental network gives a basis to test the nutrient responses of our main crops and calibrate their optimal nutrient supply (Kismányoky, 1991).     

Level and Timing of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application to Early and Semi-early Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) Grown with Irrigation on Light Soils in Norway

Trials were performed with early and semi-early potatoes to test the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer level (0-160 kg N ha^-1) and timing (all at planting versus half then and half either soon after emergence or 3 weeks later). All seven trials with earlies were irrigated as required, whilst different irrigation regimes (moderate versus intensive) were compared in two trials with semi-earlies. No benefit was derived from splitting the N application. Haulm growth and N uptake increased in all cases almost linearly up to the highest N level, but tuber yield did not respond in the same way. The optimum N level was 80 kg N ha^-1 for a yield of 15 Mg ha^-1, rising to 120 kg N ha^-1 for a yield of 40 Mg ha^-1. Tuber quality was lowered by the use of excess N fertilizer, particularly in the case of earlies. The quantity of mineralised N present in the soil after harvest rose sharply with above optimum fertilizer use, and the amount of N present in crop residues also increased. The likely leaching after early potatoes was estimated to be up to 80 kg N ha^-1. The proportion of fertilizer N which was not accounted for in either tuber yield, crop residues or mineral N in soil was 26% in earlies and 38% in semi-earlies.     

An experimental study of charcoal degradation in a boreal forest

Degradation rates of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) under natural environmental conditions are largely unknown. Here we present results from a field experiment monitoring the change in mass, C- and N concentrations of a variety of charcoal types in a Norwegian boreal forest over a period of 20 months. The charcoal types represent different feedstock tree species, production temperature regimes, and placements in the forest, i.e. above ground, in the humus layer or in contact with the mineral subsoil. The types of charcoal had different initial C concentrations mainly depending on their production temperature. Nevertheless, all types of charcoal at all placements in the forest showed an initial drop in their C concentrations, which subsequently rose back to reach near initial values in part of the charcoal types. In part of the charcoal types, N concentrations decreased throughout the experiment, exhibiting considerable variation among feedstock species, production temperature regime, and placements in the forest. C/N ratios rose especially in charcoal made from wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and charcoal that had been stored in contact with the mineral subsoil showed the most rapid mass gain. Our results confirm the important influence of production temperature and feedstock type on the degradation of charcoal, but they also show that microbial activity and environmental conditions play significant roles in charcoal degradation and thus for the fate of pyrogenic carbon under natural conditions.     

猪急性腹泻综合征冠状病毒SYBR Green荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立快速、灵敏且特异的检测猪急性腹泻综合征冠状病毒（swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus,SADS-CoV）检测方法,本试验扩增SADS-CoV N基因保守区域将其克隆至pMD18-T载体。所构建的重组质粒pMD18-T-SADS-qN作为阳性质粒标准品,以其为模板建立一种SYBR Green荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果显示,所建立方法在3.31×10¹~3.31×10⁷拷贝·μL^-1模板量时,呈良好的线性关系,相关系数（R²）为0.997,斜率为-3.318。该方法特异性检测SADS-CoV;而猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒（TGEV）、猪德尔塔冠状病毒（PDCoV）和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）检测结果均为阴性。所构建的标准品检测灵敏度下限可以达到3.31×10¹拷贝·μL^-1,组内和组间变异系数均小于1%,表明其具有良好的灵敏性和重复性。用该方法检测SADS-CoV感染IPI-2I和IPEC-J2细胞后不同时间点和不同接毒剂量的复制情况,结果显示,SADS-CoV感染细胞后2 h病毒含量较低,在12~36 h病毒含量迅速增长,36 h后增长速度减缓且病毒含量维持在较高水平。分别用0、0.1、1 MOI SADS-CoV感染细胞结果显示病毒的mRAN转录水平呈现剂量依赖性增加,当MOI为1时,IPI-2I和IPEC-J2细胞病毒含量分别为10^6.7、10^5.3拷贝·mL^-1。进一步利用所建立的方法对经口服攻毒SADS-CoV仔猪的临床样本进行检测,结果发现病毒在空肠回肠含量较高,表明病毒主要定殖于空肠和回肠。综上表明,本研究建立SYBR Green荧光定量PCR检测方法能灵敏特异地检测SADS-CoV,为SADS-CoV的诊断和病毒相关基础研究提供可靠的检测手段。     

培肥措施对旱地农田土壤CO2排放和碳库管理指数的影响

阐明长期有机物料施肥下土壤CO₂排放特征及其影响机制以及碳库管理指数对黄土高原旱作农业区固碳减排及施肥模式选择的影响尤为重要。基于2012年设置在陇中黄土高原旱作区的长期定位试验,通过不施肥（CK）、氮肥（NF）、有机肥（OM）、秸秆（ST）、有机肥结合无机肥（OMNF）5个处理,测定并计算了2018年不同施肥措施下全年土壤CO₂排放、作物碳排放效率和碳库管理指数的变化,并运用结构方程模型分析了0~30 cm土壤温度、水分、微生物量碳氮、易氧化有机碳、蔗糖酶、脲酶与土壤CO₂排放速率的关系。结果表明：1）与不施肥相比,秸秆、有机结合无机肥和有机肥处理使生育期土壤CO₂排放平均速率提高了42.72%、30.82%和29.79%,秸秆、有机肥处理分别使生育期土壤CO₂排放量显著提高36.35%、32.45%（P<0.05）,有机结合无机肥处理使碳排放效率显著降低41.10%（P<0.05）;2）有机物料处理均能显著提高0~5 cm土层易氧化有机碳、微生物量碳氮、蔗糖酶活性和碳库管理指数,相比不施肥和氮肥处理,有机结合无机肥处理分别使0~30 cm土壤碳库管理指数提高127.41%,99.33%（P<0.05）;3）结构方程模型表明,环境因子对土壤CO₂排放速率的总解释度为53%,对土壤CO₂排放速率总效应较大的影响因素包括土壤温度（2.36）、微生物量碳（1.59）和土壤水分（1.18）,且均间接地影响着土壤CO₂排放速率,土壤温度促进了微生物量碳和蔗糖酶活性的提高,微生物量碳促进了微生物量氮和易氧化有机碳的增加。综合来看,有机结合无机肥处理可以提升土壤碳库管理指数,保持微生物活性,增加作物产量,降低土壤碳排放效率,是陇中黄土高原旱作农业区比较适宜的农田培肥措施。     

基于模糊控制的水肥药一体化系统研究

为了提高目前水肥药一体化系统的自动化程度,设计了一种智能水肥药一体化系统;针对系统混肥精度不高的问题,设计了适用于营养液混合的模糊控制器,并利用Lab VIEW完成整个系统应用软件的开发。该系统不但能够实现独立灌溉、灌溉施肥一体化、灌溉施药一体化及水肥药一体化,而且还具备控制指令输入、系统工作监控和系统信息查询的功能。     

滴灌水肥管理对日光温室黄瓜产量和品质的影响

采用田间试验,研究滴灌系统运行方式和施肥频率对黄瓜产量、品质的影响。结果表明:施肥频率对黄瓜的生长、产量和品质的影响显著,在开花期与采收期,提高施肥水平能促进植株株高和叶片数的增加,产量和品质随施肥频率的增加而增加。因此,从提高产量和品质的角度看,施肥频率取两周1次较为适宜,滴灌施肥灌溉过程中的施肥时段应尽量前移。     

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of HA and NA Genes of One Strain of H6N6 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Guizhou Province

To investigate the epidemic situation of H6N6 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) in Guizhou province,A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 was isolated from Sansui duck in live poultry market of Guizhou in 2014,the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of DK/GZ/14 were subjected to clone and sequence analysis.The results showed that HA gene had the highest nucleotide homologies (97.5%) with the duck-origin H6N6 subtype AIV isolated from Eastern China in 2009,and the strains of HA gene proteolytic cleavage sites was P-Q-I-E-T-R-G,which accordeol with the molecular characteristic of low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV).However,NA gene of A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 had the highest nucleotide homologies (98.2%) with the duck-origin H6N6 subtype AIV isolated from Fujian in 2007.The phylogenetic tree showed that A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 and Hunan strains located in the same branch,while three duck-origin H6N6 subtype AIV isolated from Guizhou in 2007 and A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 located in the different branch for HA and NA genes in genetic evolution,which suggested that A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 was far with the local H6N6 subtype.The results also clearly indicated that duck-origin H6N6 subtype AIV had genetic diversity in duck population in Guizhou.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒分离株E11105 N基因的序列分析与原核表达

为研究PRRSV N蛋白的结构、功能以及N蛋白在病毒致病中的作用,以临床分离PRRSV毒株E11105为研究对象,采用Primer Premier 5.0设计一对特异性引物,经RT-PCR扩增出N基因片段,利用相关分子生物学软件对N基因序列进行分析;将N基因克隆连接到pColdⅠ原核表达载体上,经PCR、双酶切鉴定及序列测定后,得到重组质粒pColdⅠ-N,将pColdⅠ-N转入大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,IPTG诱导表达后用SDS-PAGE蛋白电泳及Western blot验证分析。结果显示,分离株E11105N基因与北美洲型代表株VR-2332、欧洲型代表株Lelystad virus(LV)、中国2006年暴发的高致病性PRRSV代表株JXA1、中国代表株CH-1a的核苷酸序列同源性分别为93.3%、34.7%、99.2%、95.4%,氨基酸序列同源性分别为94.4%、15.3%、94.4%、99.2%;系统进化树显示,E11105株N基因与美洲型代表株VR-2332、中国高致病性JXA1毒株的亲缘关系较近;分离株E11105N基因所编码蛋白不存在跨膜区;二级结构主要以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主,分别占20.33%和63.41%;预测该蛋白可能存在5个较为明显的B细胞优势抗原表位。SDS-PAGE蛋白电泳结果表明,重组N蛋白主要存在于菌体沉淀中,分子质量约为16.7ku;Western blot结果显示,带His标签的重组表达蛋白能被His单克隆抗体识别,显色后条带约为16.7ku,与SDS-PAGE蛋白电泳的条带大小一致。