发达国家冷链物流标准化经验及借鉴

随着人们对易腐农产品质量的要求越来越高,农产品冷链物流随之产生。尽管冷链物流在中国近年来得到快速发展,但冷链物流标准化方面与发达国家仍存在较大差距。因此,对发达国家冷链物流标准体系建设全面介绍的基础上,汲取有利于中国建设与完善冷链物流标准化体系的借鉴和启示。     

Helping working Equidae and their owners in developing countries: Monitoring and evaluation of evidence-based interventions

There are an estimated 112 million Equidae (horses, donkeys, mules) in the developing world, providing essential resources for their owners’ livelihoods and well-being. The impoverished situation of their owners and the often harsh conditions in which they work mean that the animals’ welfare is a cause for concern. A number of equine non-governmental organisations (NGOs) operate within working equid communities providing veterinary care, education and training programmes aimed at improving equine welfare. However, there is little published information available that describes monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of such interventions using objective outcome-based indicators and where baseline data are available. The aim of this paper is to summarise the peer-reviewed reports of M&E in this sector and identify the key issues which need to be addressed in ensuring that such evaluations provide useful information on the work of these organisations.A rigorous evidence base for designing future interventions will provide an opportunity for enhancing the effectiveness of working equid NGO operations. Increased availability of M&E reports in the peer-reviewed literature will enable NGOs to learn from one another and disseminate to a wider audience information on the role of working Equidae and the issues they face.     

Gender,caponization and exogenous estrogen effects on lipids,bone and blood characteristics in Taiwan country chickens

This study investigated gender, caponization and exogenous estrogen effects on lipids, bone and blood characteristics in Taiwan country chickens. Thirty male chickens were caponized at 8 weeks (capons); 15 capons were injected with estrogen (5 mg/bird estradiol 3‐benzoate) every 2 weeks from 8 to 28 weeks, and 15 sham‐operated male (shams) chickens and 15 females were selected for this trial. The results showed that the shams had lower relative abdominal and chest subcutaneous fat than females (P < 0.05). The estrogen‐treated capons had greater relative abdominal and chest subcutaneous fat than shams and capons (P < 0.05), which might result from higher blood very low‐density lipoproteins and triacylglycerol concentrations (P < 0.05). Caponization could dramatically increase relative abdominal fat (506%; P < 0.05). The shams had higher tibia weight and biomechanical properties, such as maximum bone strength and bending moment values than the capons (P < 0.05). Tibia biomechanical properties were reduced by estrogen treatment (P < 0.05). The females obtained the lowest biomechanical value in all treatments (P < 0.05). Histological examination revealed cavity formation in the cortical bone of estrogen‐treated capons and female chickens, which suggested that estrogen reduced bone biomechanical properties by destroying its structural integrity.     

论技术进步与技术创新

探讨了技术进步与创新对于发展中国家的战略意义。     

中国薪材利用的影响因素分析

分析了中国薪材利用的基本状况,指出中国薪材资源总体而言是在不断减少的,农村人口不同程度地缺少薪材。其次,文章利用时间序列数据对中国薪材消费与相关变量之间的相关关系进行分析,认为在影响薪材利用的相关因素中,与薪材消费相关性由强到弱的因素是乡村人口、人均GDP和人均商品性能源消费量。     

浅析我国新型农民的培养

新型农民的培养是新农村建设的基础工程.而当前,中国的农民教育素质不高、科技素质落后、经营理念陈旧,且农村现有的农民精华流失现象普遍,这与新农村建设对新型农民的数量和素质要求相差都较大,需要从重视农村基础教育、注重对农民的培训、加强农村的信息化建设和发展农村经济等角度做出努力.     

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in locally harvested clams in Iqaluit,Nunavut

High prevalences of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were recently found in enteric illness patients in the Qikiqtaaluk region of Nunavut, Canada, with a foodborne, waterborne or animal source of parasites suspected. Clams (Mya truncata) are a commonly consumed, culturally important and nutritious country food in Iqaluit; however, shellfish may concentrate protozoan pathogens from contaminated waters. The goal of this work was to investigate clams as a potential source of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in residents in Iqaluit, Nunavut. The objectives were to estimate the prevalence and genetically characterize Cryptosporidium and Giardia in locally harvested clams. Clams (n = 404) were collected from Iqaluit harvesters in September 2016. Haemolymph (n = 328) and digestive gland (n = 390) samples were screened for Cryptosporidium and Giardia via PCR, and amplified products were further processed for sequence analyses for definitive confirmation. Giardia DNA was found in haemolymph from 2 clams, while Cryptosporidium was not detected. The two Giardia sequences were identified as zoonotic Giardia enterica assemblage B. The overall prevalence of Giardia in clams near Iqaluit was low (0.6%) compared with other studies in southern Canada and elsewhere. The presence of Giardia DNA in clams suggests human or animal faecal contamination of coastal habitat around Iqaluit in shellfish harvesting waters. Results from this study are intended to inform public health practice and planning in Inuit Nunangat.     

论都市型农业信息产业化

采取文献分析和实证研究结合的方法，对发达国家农业信息化现状与上海都市型农业信息化现状进行比较，分析上海发展信息农业的条件和现存问题，提出了发展上海都市型农业信息产业化的对策。     

新农村建设中农村居民点用地整理的战略思考——以湖北省大冶市为例

党的十六届五中全会提出了建设社会主义新农村的战略目标,农村居民点用地整理对于缓解用地矛盾,缩小城乡差距,解决“三农”问题具有重大的现实意义。文章从分析新农村建设中农村居民点用地整理的重要作用入手,以湖北省大冶市为例,探讨了农村居民点用地中存在的问题,深入剖析了问题存在的原因,并从规划、融资、政策等方面,提出了推进农村居民点用地整理的具体措施。     

我国农村剩余劳动力转移的现状与对策研究

全面建设小康社会的重点和难点在农村 ,而解决农业问题的根本出路在于农村剩余劳动力的转移。剩余劳动力的转移是一个不容忽视的问题 ,本文着重分析了我国农村剩余劳动力的现状 ,进一步提出了加快农村剩余劳动力转移的有效途径。