论我国反腐败刑事司法协助中的证人制度——以《联合国反腐败公约》为视角

反腐败刑事司法协助是国际打击与惩罚腐败犯罪的重要制度之一。证人制度是其中不可或缺的组成部分。《联合国反腐败公约》对刑事司法协助中的证人制度规定较为具体,如电视会议作证方式、污点证人作证、证人作证刑事责任豁免制度等。我国仅在《刑事诉讼法》中规定了普通刑事案件的证人制度,在刑事司法协助中的证人规定上存在明显不足。以《联合国反腐败公约》为视角,梳理该公约对刑事司法协助证人制度的规定,指出我国制定《刑事司法协助法》、引入高科技作证方式、构建污点证人及证人作证刑事责任豁免制度等具有迫切的现实必要性。     

我国进口《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》管制树种贸易动态

使用2009—2015年《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）管制树种贸易数据分析我国进口CITES管制树种的种类、来源国、贸易目的和树种来源。研究结果显示,中国进口CITES管制树种呈现出进口种类集中、进口树种数量和来源国不断增加的趋势,且进口CITES管制树种基本来源于野外并用于商业性用途。针对贸易现状,文中从保护野生树种资源的角度对进一步规范CITES贸易活动提出了针对性建议。     

Wetlands: conservation's poor cousins

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Why have global shark and ray landings declined: improved management or overfishing?

Global chondrichthyan (shark, ray, skate and chimaera) landings, reported to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), peaked in 2003 and in the decade since have declined by almost 20%. In the FAO's 2012 ‘State of the World's Fisheries and Aquaculture’ report, the authors ‘hoped’ the reductions in landings were partially due to management implementation rather than population decline. Here, we tested their hypothesis. Post‐peak chondrichthyan landings trajectories from 126 countries were modelled against seven indirect and direct fishing pressure measures and eleven measures of fisheries management performance, while accounting for ecosystem attributes. We found the recent improvement in international or national fisheries management was not yet strong enough to account for the recent decline in chondrichthyan landings. Instead, the landings declines were more closely related to fishing pressure and ecosystem attribute measures. Countries with the greatest declines had high human coastal population sizes or high shark and ray meat exports such as Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand. While important progress had been made, country‐level fisheries management measures did not yet have the strength or coverage to halt overfishing and avert population declines of chondrichthyans. Increased implementation of legally binding operational fisheries management and species‐specific reporting is urgently required to avoid declines and ensure fisheries sustainability and food security.     

基于UPOV1991年文本有关实质性派生品种权的探讨

文章从植物新品种保护的方式及UPOV公约的核心地位出发,重点回顾了UPOV1991年文本有关实质性派生品种权修订的内容,从三个方面对实质性派生品种权的修订进行了评价和分析,得出UPOV91文本对派生品种体系的保护给原始品种产权人以积极的、激励的结论,但对后品种权人的权利保护显得不足,容易造成后品种权人积极性下降。在此基础上,以进一步保障后品种权人收益,刺激其育种活动,从而提高整个社会的收益为出发点,提出相关的政策建议。     

基于将大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼列入CITES附录Ⅰ提案的国际渔业管理分析

受国际市场对大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼产品需求的驱动,非法、不报告、不管制捕捞和捕捞能力过剩等现象频频发生,造成该鱼类资源的数量持续下降。瑞典、摩纳哥先后向濒危野生动植物种国际贸易委员会提议将大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录,禁止捕捞和国际贸易该鱼种,引起了广泛关注和激烈争论。为此,通过分析ICCAT对大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼的管理、相关国家或地区组织的不同意见,研究该提案可能对国际渔业管理及我国带来的影响。一旦该鱼种列入CITES附录,可能导致更多商业开发的水生生物被提到CITES框架上来,从而影响世界渔业的管理格局。对此,中国应采取行动,积极参加国际组织会议,参与规则制定,反映中国关注问题与主张。而作为联合国海洋法公约和ICCAT的一员,我国也有义务与其他国家合作执行ICCAT的养护和管理措施,为提高履约能力,规范国内远洋企业的管理,如按照相关要求及时、准确报送数据等,从而配合国家履行国际义务。     

贪污贿赂犯罪刑罚设置之反思与重构——以《联合国反腐败公约》为视角

我国已经加入《联合国反腐败公约》,但我国现行刑法对贪污贿赂犯罪在刑罚设置方面存在着一些与《联合国反腐败公约》内容相脱节的不足之处,这势必影响到对国际社会和我国国内预防和打击腐败的实际效果,因此实有必要结合《联合国反腐败公约》之相关内容对其加以反思和重构。     

Loss of Ostracoda biodiversity in Western Mediterranean wetlands

• 1. The coastal area of Valencia (Spain) in the Western Mediterranean is rich in freshwater and brackish wetlands. These areas are mostly protected for bird conservation but are also highly affected by human impacts. Six shallow lakes located in Ramsar wetland sites of this area were studied in order to assess past and present ostracod biodiversity and relate it to the status of the lakes, taking into consideration the indicator value of these easily fossilizable crustaceans.
• 2. In all the wetlands studied, ostracod taphocoenoses showed much higher species richness than the corresponding biocoenoses. This is expected from the time accumulative character of the taphocoenosis, but the trend is clearly evident in the most disturbed sites which indicated loss of ostracod diversity owing to human impacts.
• 3. By considering the ecology of most frequent species, multivariate ordination of both tapho- and biocoenoses showed trends within and between lakes in their limnological status, which were related mainly to water chemistry, and also to temporality and eutrophication to a certain extent. Some lakes have apparently lost most of their past ostracod community owing to an increasing trophic status in some cases and to modifications of the hydrological regime in others.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Existing sediment management guidelines: an overview

At the inaugural conference of SedNet WG 4 in April 2002 in Venice it was decided that a survey of existing sediment management guidelines was an important pre-requisite to elaborate on the opportunities for river basin planning of sediment management. This article discusses the existing programmes, decision support system, and conventions and concludes that there is presently no comprehensive river basin sediment management guideline at an international (European) or national level. Management guidelines which are of high relevance for sediment management exist mostly for the purpose of environmentally sound handling for navigation. For the maintenance of waterways and harbours sediments have to be handled in an environmentally sound and economical way. There are some special international and national regulations for dredged material which have different legal and technical backgrounds, purposes and limited competence. The way to find the appropriate regulation within legislation is to ask the question: What will happen with the sediment/dredged material?