青藏高原东部强降温过程阈值的探讨及其气候特征

为解决青藏高原东部强降温的气象预报和服务问题,利用青藏高原东北部68个气象站1961-2017年逐日最低气温数据,辅以趋势分析及相关分析等方法,本文探讨了近57年青藏高原东北部强降温的阈值及气候特征,并利用NECP/NCAR(2.5°×2.5°)海温场、高度场建立了预报诊断模型。研究发现 (1) 应用改进的强降温指标统计寒潮发生的特征更符合高原实际情况。(2)受地形地貌及山脉阻挡的影响,青藏高原东部强降温次数的地域分布存在明显差异,海拔较高的山区和东部地区强降温次数明显多于盆地。南部山区24h寒潮发生的次数多于48h、72h。(3)近57年区域寒潮频次总体呈下降趋势,南部和北部的降速分别为-0.5次/10a、-0.4次/10a,并通过显著性检验;西北部盆地区降速分别为-0.1次/10a,未通过显著性检验。(4)高冷空气的移动路径是强降温预测的关键信号。研究结果为青藏高原相关部门开展农牧业资源的和旅游资源的相关决策服务提供科学依据。     

Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters

This paper determined the effects of mulching time for double furrows and ridges using plastic film on soil water status, grain yield of maize, soil quality, and economic benefits. The study was conducted in a typical semiarid area during two growing seasons of 2006–2007 with the following three treatments: (i) plastic film mulching at maize sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (CK); (ii) mulching applied 30 d before sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (T1); and (iii) mulching at sowing with no-tillage, and the film left on the field after harvest in the first season and used for mulching in the second season (T2). The T1 in both years and T2 in the second year (2007) improved soil water content (in the 0–60 cm layer) and temperature (10 cm) at sowing compared with CK. After the two seasons, the soil water content was significantly higher in the 0–80 cm soil layer in CK and T1, and in the 0–120 cm soil layer in T2; however, it decreased significantly in 140–200 cm soil layer in CK and T1, compared to their initial values at sowing in April 2006, and there was no significant change in T2. The rainfall storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer during the non-growing season (late September 2006 to late April 2007) was 18.2 mm in CK, 34.0 mm in T1, and 59.7 mm in T2, and the rainfall storage in 100–200 cm soil layer was 16.5 and 18.6 mm higher in T2 than in CK and T1, respectively. In 2006, there were no significant differences in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in all treatments. In 2007, the yield in T1 was significantly higher than in T2, but yields in T2 and CK were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in WUE among treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) (0–20 cm) decreased in CK and T1, but increased (by 2.7%) in T2 at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in April 2006. The ratio of output to input was 1.32:1 for CK, 1.40:1 for T1, and 1.67:1 for T2 averaged across the two seasons. Therefore, T2 was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage, producing greater economic benefit and maintaining SOC balance for maize production in semiarid area.     

Towards Development of Eco-Agriculture of Rainwater-Harvesting for Supplemental Irrigation in the Semi-Arid Loess Plateau of China

The semi-arid Loess Plateau is a central zone of Chinese rain-fed farming. Drought and soil erosion are the two major obstacles to restrict economic development in this semi-arid Loess Plateau. The traditional conservation agriculture and runoff agriculture have been developed for several decades, which have reduced water and soil loss and improved rainwater utilization efficiency to a certain extent. However, its regulative role in rainwater is very much limited, and problems of agriculture production, such as severe seasonal drought and water shortage, low agriculture productivity, fragile ecological environment, and low yield-invest ratio, are still going on. Supplemental irrigation of harvested rainwater is an important form of rainfall regulation and utilization on the basis of sophisticated technologies and theories of conservation agriculture and runoff agriculture, which not only promotes fulfilling rainfall harvesting in spatial location like the conservation agriculture and runoff agriculture measure but also gets at true rainfall harvesting in time distribution by principle of superposition and also decreases invalid evaporation for rainfall runoff. Agriculture productivity will be highly increased by using rainwater harvesting for supplemental irrigation. It not only brings about the integration of ecological reconstruction with economic development, but also provides a new approach to the agriculture sustainable development and overcomes two of the biggest obstacles (drought and soil erosion). It is suggested that this technology will become a strategic measure and comprehensive development model in semi-arid Loess Plateau of China.     

黄土高原不同生态类型区退耕还林(草)综合效益评价指标体系构建研究

退耕还林(草)综合效益评价指标体系的构建是退耕还林(草)工程效应评价的一个重要环节.首先根据黄土高原地区的自然环境现状和生态类型区划原则,将黄土高原划分为4个不同的生态类型区;然后根据综合效益评价指标体系建立的原则和方法,从生态、社会经济2个层次中选取对黄土高原影响较大的28个指标因子,建立适合黄土高原地区的退耕还林(草)综合效益评价指标体系;最后根据每个生态类型区的特征和自然状况,确定不同生态区域各评价指标的权重.     

川西北高原农业面源污染分析与防控技术对策——以阿坝藏族羌族自治州为例

川西北高原区是四川省重要的生态功能区,生态系统先天脆弱。为提升川西北高原农业面源污染防控水平,本研究以阿坝藏族羌族自治州为例,结合实地调研情况,分析阿坝州农田种植、畜禽养殖、农村人居环境等农业农村污染情况。结果表明：（1）农田种植污染源中,南部农业县玉米等作物存在偏施氮肥和施用过量等情况,农药主要集中在南部农业县,以杀虫剂和除草剂为主;中南部玉米等作物种植区较为依赖地膜,存在残留污染风险。（2）畜禽养殖污染源中,中南部农业县养殖比较集中,专业养殖户的畜禽粪便污染风险较大。若尔盖和红原等牧区县局部区域内有过度放牧、土壤沙化和草场退化等问题。（3）农村人居环境中,部分区域农村垃圾、污水收集与处理设施、农村厕所配套设施不足。最后本研究针对阿坝州农业面源污染存在的问题,提出了针对性的污染防控技术,以期为川西北高原区农业面源污染防控提供参考。     

Contribution of green manure legumes to nitrogen dynamics in traditional winter wheat cropping system in the Loess Plateau of China

Excessive application of N fertilizer in pursuit of higher yields is common due to poor soil fertility and low crop productivity. However, this practice causes serious soil depletion and N loss in the traditional wheat cropping system in the Loess Plateau of China. Growing summer legumes as the green manure (GM) crop is a viable solution because of its unique ability to fix atmospheric N₂. Actually, little is known about the contribution of GM N to grain and N utilization in the subsequent crop. Therefore, we conducted a four-year field experiment with four winter wheat-based rotations (summer fallow-wheat, Huai bean–wheat, soybean–wheat, and mung bean–wheat) and four nitrogen fertilizer rates applied to wheat (0, 108, 135, and 162 kg N/ha) to investigate the fate of GM nitrogen via decomposition, utilization by wheat, and contribution to grain production and nitrogen economy through GM legumes. Here we showed that GM legumes accumulated 53–76 kg N/ha per year. After decomposing for approximately one year, more than 32 kg N/ha was released from GM legumes. The amount of nitrogen released via GM decomposition that was subsequently utilized by wheat was 7–27 kg N/ha. Incorporation of GM legumes effectively replaced 13–48% (average 31%) of the applied mineral nitrogen fertilizer. Additionally, the GM approach during the fallow period reduced the risk of nitrate-N leaching to depths of 0–100 cm and 100–200 cm by 4.8 and 19.6 kg N/ha, respectively. The soil nitrogen pool was effectively improved by incorporation of GM legumes at the times of wheat sowing. Cultivation of leguminous GM during summer is a better option than bare fallow to maintain the soil nitrogen pool, and decrease the rates required for N fertilization not only in the Loess Plateau of China but also in other similar dryland regions worldwide.     

基于不同夏作物-冬小麦种植制度的黄土高原东部农田土壤物理质量研究

黄土高原东部农田土壤物理质量下降是限制该地区农业生产的重要因素之一,合理的种植制度能够改善土壤物理质量。本试验于2016年设置连续夏绿豆-冬小麦(MB-WW,T₁)、2年夏玉米-冬小麦+2年夏绿豆-冬小麦(2 a SC-WW+2 a MB-WW,T₂)及连续夏休闲-冬小麦(SF-WW,T₃) 3种种植制度,分析实施第3和4年的土壤物理质量,以探索潜在的适宜于改善研究区土壤物理质量的种植制度。结果表明：T₁处理下冬小麦收获后0~30 cm各土层毛管孔隙度较T₂和T₃处理分别显著提高了19.20~28.49%和18.86~31.86%。此外T₁处理夏播作物收获后,10~20 cm土层土壤储水量较T₂显著增加了6.37%,20~30 cm土层土壤质量含水量和储水量较T₂处理分别显著增加了7.87%和4.70%。相较于T₃,冬小麦和夏播作物收获后T₁和T₂处理下土壤容重、总孔隙度和土壤固、液、气三相比偏离值没有得到明显的改善。综上所述,绿豆-冬小麦种植制度对土壤物理质量有一定的改善,采用连续夏绿豆-冬小麦种植制度可能是改善黄土高原东部农田土壤物理质量潜在的措施之一。     

俄罗斯沙棘优良品种引种试验研究

“三北”地区和黄土高原是中国沙棘亚种的分布中心,现已有大面积人工沙棘林,但其果小、刺多,产果量低,采果难。为此,作者于1997－2006年承担水利部“948”沙棘引进项目,以解决该地区沙棘优良品种缺乏问题。通过8年试验研究,引进俄罗斯大果无刺沙棘优良品种、类型40余种,分别在“三北”和黄土高原地区的7个主要试验基地进行引种试验,从中初步筛选出效果较好的9个优良品种、类型。它们生长发育良好,抗性较强,具高产、优质特性,并已开始利用引进的俄罗斯沙棘与当地中国沙棘杂交,培育出第一代杂交种。在引种选育和对俄罗斯沙棘生物生态学特性进行试验研究的基础上,对其良种的集约栽培和繁育做了试验和示范推广工作,产生了良好的生态、经济效益。通过本项目实施,为做好沙棘引种选育工作提供了良种,这对大面积建造高产、优质人工沙棘林和沙棘果园,加速黄土高原和“三北”地区的环境治理、发展地方经济具重要意义。     

沙棘干物质形成的光合作用机制

用LI-6400光合仪在黄土高原中部系统测定了人工沙棘林的各种光合生理指标,主要结果为：叶光强响应曲线暗呼吸速率、表观量子效率、最大光合速率、光补偿点和光饱和点分别为：-3．677μmol·CO2·m^-2·S^-1、0．0517mol·mol^-1、7．367μmol·CO2·m^-2·S^-1、71．15μmol·m^-2·s^-1和213．7μmol·m^-2·S^-1。CO2浓度响应曲线参数CO2补偿点、CO2饱和点、暗呼吸速率、羧化效率及最大光合速率分别为150．00μmol·mol^-1、506．834μmol·mol^-1、-1．100μmol·CO2·m^-2·s^-1、0．0063mol·mol^-1和3．01μmol·CO2·m^-2·s^-1。光合速率日变化为左偏单峰曲线,峰值在10：00～12：00时。沙棘的ETR变化与光合速率同步,最大荧光产量Fm＇在叶片转入黑暗后逐渐上升,17min左右趋于稳定;qP和qN变化不明显;当光适应的叶片转入黑暗下之后,NPQ开始下降,25min左右达到稳定。沙棘荧光强度响应曲线变化与其普通光强响应曲线类似,参数暗呼吸速率、光的补偿点、光的饱和点、最大光合速率和表观量子效率其值分别为-0．511μmol·CO2·m^-2·s^-1、14．72μmol·m^-2·s^-1、259．6μmol·m^-2·s^-1、8．494μmol·CO2·m^-2·s^-1和0．0347mol·mol^-1。沙棘叶片荧光CO2响应曲线与普通光源CO2响应曲线变化规律相似,荧光CO2响应曲线参数暗呼吸速率、CO2补偿点、CO2饱和点、最大光合速率以及羧化效率分别为-0．0914μmol·CO2·m^-2·s^-1、87．12μmol·mol^-1、745．212μmol·mol^-1、17．90μmol·CO2·m^-2·s^-1和0．0077mol·mol^-1。     

黄土高原刺槐和侧柏根系固坡的有限元数值模拟

为探讨黄土高原主要造林树种刺槐和侧柏根系对土质边坡稳定性的作用,该文以刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)和侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)为例,应用有限元数值模拟法构建二维造林边坡稳定性分析模型,研究林木根系的空间异质性对水平阶整地坡和对照自然坡稳定性的影响。研究发现:1)无论是否经过整地处理,造林都可以提高边坡的稳定性,且刺槐根系的固土效果优于侧柏根系(P0.001);2)在不考虑水文过程的前提下,水平阶整地模式的人工林边坡稳定性优于对照自然坡;3)当根系表观附加黏聚力增加到某一阈值后,造林边坡的安全系数进入平稳阶段不再大幅上升,说明边坡稳定性模型对根系附加黏聚力计算法的精度并不敏感,揭示了根系固坡领域的研究重点应从过去的试图提高根系附加黏聚力的计算精度转变为提高评价造林边坡稳定性的准确性;4)根系附加黏聚力随坡位的变化而变化,两树种没有明显的规律,但安全系数均表现出较敏感于坡下位根系,建议在林分经营管理中充分利用坡下位林木的固土效益。该研究成果可为黄土高原地区浅表层滑坡灾害的防治工作提供理论依据。