Effect of dietary protein:energy ratio on intake, growth and metabolism of juvenile green abalone Haliotis fulgens

Juvenile green abalone Haliotis rufescens were grown under laboratory conditions at 21±1 °C and fed formulated diets consisting of different protein:energy ratios (mg protein/kcal), 62, 74, 85, 100, 108, for 60 days. The level of crude protein ranged from approximately 26% to 44% while the energy content remained constant at about 4.1 kcal g⁻¹. Growth ranged from 3.63 to 12.33 mg day⁻¹. The growth of abalone fed the 100 and 108 diets was significantly greater than that of each of the other diets. Protein efficiency ratio increased as the dietary protein content increased except for the T108 diet (44% crude protein). Abalone apparently consume food to satisfy an energy requirement. Caloric expenditure due to metabolism was estimated for abalone fed diets with protein ratios of 62, 85, 100. Energy loss due to respiration did not vary appreciably among abalone fed the different diets. The proportional distribution of dietary energy into fecal, digestible, growth, and metabolic energy was estimated for abalone fed these diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility was among the lowest for abalone fed the 100 P:E diet, but growth of abalone fed this diet was significantly higher than that of each of the other treatments except the 108 diet. Unexplained energy loss to achieve balance ranged from 7% to 28.5%, some of which is probably due to differential mucus and ammonia production. Results suggest a potential for the reduction of both dietary protein and lipid without causing any adverse effects on the growth response.     

Experimental determinations of factors affecting the sink rates of baited hooks to minimize seabird mortality in pelagic longline fisheries

• 1. An experiment was conducted in Australia's pelagic longline fishery to establish a scientific basis for the introduction of line weighting to reduce seabird mortality. The experiment examined the effects of different bait species (blue mackerel, yellow‐tail mackerel and squid), bait life status (dead or alive), weight of leaded swivels (60 g, 100 g and 160 g) and leader length (distance between leaded swivel and hooks: 2 m, 3 m and 4 m) on the sink rates of baited hooks from 0–6 m deep.
• 2. On average, live bait sank much more slowly than dead bait. The sink rates of individual live bait were highly variable: many were <2 m underwater 18 s after deployment, including some on the heaviest swivels, and some were <10 m deep after 120 s.
• 3. Within the dead bait group, all three swivel weights on 3 m and 4 m leaders sank at similar rates. Initial sink rates (e.g. 0–2 m) were 2–3 times slower than final rates (e.g. 4–6 m) for all combinations of swivel weight and leader length. The fastest initial and final sink rates were associated with heavy swivels placed close to hooks.
• 4. The results show that (a) compared with dead bait, live bait greatly increases the exposure of baited hooks to seabirds; (b) initial sink rates of dead bait are increased by placing leaded swivels close to hooks and final rates by increasing the weight of the swivels; (c) adding weight to long leaders makes little difference to sink rates; and (d) the small (incremental) changes to swivel weights and leader lengths typically preferred by industry will be difficult to detect at sea and unlikely to substantially reduce seabird mortality.
• 5. We suggest that experiments designed to reduce seabird mortality from that associated with 60 g swivels and ～3.5 m leaders (the preferred option by industry) should aim to expedite the initial sink rates as well as rates to deeper depths. This objective could be achieved by including branch lines with ≥120 g swivels ≤2 m in comparative assessments of the effectiveness of line weighting regimes in reducing seabird mortality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

副溶血弧菌的外膜蛋白及其抗原性研究↑（*）

本文对１３株不同来源的副溶血弧菌的外膜蛋白及其抗原性进行了比较研究。１３株副溶血弧菌的外膜蛋白有相似的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ图谱。大多数菌株有五条主要的蛋白质，其大致分子量分别为：ａ、６９ｋＤａ；ｂ、６３ｋＤａ；ｃ、４０ｋＤａ；ｄ、３０ｋＤａ；ｅ、２８ｋＤａ。其中蛋白质ｂ是所有菌株共有的。与吸附后的兔抗副溶血弧菌血清Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹法结果显示抗血清与多数副溶血弧菌菌株的外膜蛋白有一条共同的免疫反应带，其大致分子量为４４ｋＤａ。     

Dopamine modulates the physiological response of the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

Levels of glucose, lactate, pO₂, pCO₂, HCO₃⁻, TCO₂, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, protein, and oxyhemocyanin in the hemolymph and its osmolality and pH were measured when tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (13.5 ± 1.5 g body weight), were individually injected with saline or dopamine at 10^− 8, 10^− 7, or 10^− 6 mol shrimp^− 1. Results showed that hemolymph glucose, lactate, pCO₂, HCO₃⁻, and TCO₂ values increased from 2 to 4 h; hemolymph osmolality, Na⁺, and total protein had increased at 2 h; and hemolymph K⁺ decreased from 2 to 8 h after the dopamine injection. All physiological parameters returned to the control values 4–16 h after receiving dopamine. The dopamine injection also significantly decreased the oxyhemocyanin/protein ratio of P. monodon which occurred at 2 h, resulting from an elevation of hemolymph protein and a slight decrease of oxyhemocyanin. These results suggest that stress-inducing dopamine caused a transient period of modulation of energy metabolism, osmoregulation, respiration, and the acid–base balance in P. monodon in adapting to this environmental stress.     

不同饵料对中华虎头蟹幼体发育和存活率的影响

为探讨中华虎头蟹苗种繁育过程中饵料及投喂的影响,进行了不同饵料对中华虎头蟹溞状幼体和大眼幼体生长发育和存活的影响实验。实验结果,中华虎头蟹各期幼体生长发育效果较好的饵料为动物性饵料,Z1期以卤虫无节幼体为开口饵料,只投喂扁藻后期幼体发育较差;Z2以轮虫和卤虫无节幼体的搭配为好;Z3期则以轮虫为适宜饵料;M期投喂卤虫无节幼体效果相对较好。     

Seminal plasma proteins of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)

Protein content and properties in the seminal plasma of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) were assayed using spectrophotometric and electrophoretic methods. The protein concentration ranged from 6.4 ± 3.1 to 19.4 ± 3.4 mg ml⁻¹ and anti-proteolytic activity from 585.2 ± 104.6 to 2912.4 ± 367.4 U l^−l. A high correlation between anti-proteolytic activity and protein concentration (r = 0.95), and between sperm concentration and osmolality was found (r = 0.92). There was a significant decrease in anti-proteolytic activity from the first to the second sampling, but not in protein concentration. Anti-proteolytic activity and protein concentration were significantly affected by variations in individual males. Electrophoresis revealed four anti-proteolytic bands and individual differences in bands of proteolytic activity, which were subsequently characterized as metalloproteases and serine proteases.     

提高蛋白质乳化功能性的研究

蛋白质是食品加工中的重要原料,其乳化性对食品品质非常重要。本文综述了通过物理改性、化学改性、生物酶法改性、基因工程改性及复合改性等方法技术来提高食品蛋白质的乳化功能性,并为今后食品蛋白质加工过程中利用改性方法来提高乳化性提供一定理论基础和新的思路。     

小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的变异及其与面粉品质的关系

为了探究小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的变异及其相对比例的变化对小麦籽粒品质的影响,在两个不同的小麦品质生态区,选用大面积推广的40个小麦品种(系)为材料,研究了小麦籽粒蛋白质各组分在基因型与环境间的变异,以及蛋白质组分与面粉品质的关系。结果表明,小麦籽粒蛋白质各组分含量在基因型间差异显著,而在环境间各组分含量的变异是一种非比例的增减,导致了籽粒蛋白质质量在环境间的显著差异。徐州点生态环境利于谷蛋白的合成,谷醇比显著大于南京点。在蛋白质各组分的关系中,清蛋白含量的增加降低了谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量,球蛋白含量的增加则降低了谷醇比,从而降低了沉淀值。蛋白质各组分含量及比例与面粉品质密切相关,是理想的品质微量评价指标。在高蛋白品种中,当谷醇比为1.3左右时,面粉面包烘烤品质较好。     

地膜覆盖栽培对春小麦叶片衰老特性的影响

为了揭示春小麦在地膜栽培条件下是否早衰的问题,采用管栽模拟试验的方法,研究了地膜覆盖和露地栽培条件下春小麦叶片的叶绿素、蛋白质、叶片丙二醛(M DA)含量和细胞质膜相对透性的变化。结果表明,采用地膜覆盖栽培方法,在春小麦生长前期能明显提高叶片叶绿素和蛋白质的含量(日均增加量分别比露地春小麦高31.49%和7.94%),但后期又会加速其降解速率;M DA含量和细胞质膜相对透性均表现为覆膜处理高于露地处理(日均增加量分别比露地春小麦高71.96%~11.78%和2.42%~9.57%)。说明覆膜栽培可使春小麦提前进入正常衰老阶段,但由于其增温、保湿等效应,使春小麦生长量增加,穗粒数和穗粒重比露地春小麦提高22.95%和27.68%,表现出良好的增产效应。     

大豆籽粒脂肪和蛋白质含量的稳定性研究初报

利用Ｓ．ＡＥｂｅｒｈａｒｔ模式和方法对１４个大豆品种（系）进行连续８年的脂肪和蛋白质含量稳定性研究。结果表明，大豆脂肪和蛋白质含量不仅受遗传因素控制，还受不同年度的气候条件的影响，不同品种受其影响程度不同，其稳定性存在差异．