棉花苗期棉蚜捕食性天敌优势种的评定

通过1983—1986年5—6月份棉田定点系统调查,1986年6月天敌与棉蚜空间格局动态的研究以及室内饲养功能反应的测定,根据作者(邹运鼎1986)提出的标准,从天敌、害虫两者数量、时间、空间三个方面关系综合评定、得出龟纹瓢虫是棉花苗期棉蚜的捕食性天敌优势种。     

Site selection of urban wildlife sanctuaries for safeguarding indigenous biodiversity against increased predator pressures

Biodiversity loss in urban landscapes is a global challenge. Climate change is a major driving force behind biodiversity loss worldwide. Using Wellington, New Zealand as a research site, the aim of this research is to show how the most suitable patches of vegetation in urban landscapes can be identified, ranked, and prioritised as potential urban wildlife sanctuaries. This is in order to protect vulnerable indigenous fauna from some of the indirect impacts of climate change such as increased predator pressures and the spread of diseases among urban fauna caused by rising temperatures. A GIS-based multi-criteria analysis of spatial composition and configuration of patches of vegetation was undertaken with reference to eight factors affecting the quality of habitat patches and accordingly fauna behaviours in urban landscapes. Results show that Zealandia, the Wellington Botanic Garden, the Town Belt, and Otari-Wilton’s Bush are respectively the most important urban sites for establishing pest-free urban wildlife sanctuaries in the study area. This research reveals that patch size should not be considered as the single most important factor for the site selection of urban wildlife sanctuaries because the collective importance of other factors may outweigh the significance of patch size as a single criterion. Lessons learned in the course of this research can be applied in similar cases in New Zealand or internationally in order to facilitate the process of site selection for the establishment of urban wildlife sanctuaries in highly fragmented urban landscapes suffering from rising temperatures and other climatic changes.     

烟地害虫天敌蝽蟓的种类及分布

简要介绍了捕食性蝽蟓的主要形态特征,并报道了云南烟地种植区主要害虫天敌捕食性蝽蟓的种类分布及其猎物,以期为生产开发提供重要的参考依据。     

Why is eradication of invasive mustelids so difficult?

We conducted two field experiments to explore the reactions of feral ferrets (Mustela furo) to traps and bait dispensers set on pastoral farmland in central North Island, New Zealand. First, in 2004 we showed that only six of 13 radio-collared ferrets resident near four observation stations approached to within 8 m of two stations, and only three of the six entered over 8 days of observation. Five of the 15 ferrets available on the 6000 ha study area eluded recapture, although all remained present. Second, in 2006 we monitored the survival of 23 radio-collared ferrets before, throughout and after a 5-week field experiment, using toxic bait deployed in 20 automated bait dispensers distributed over 2554 ha. Eight ferrets entered a bait dispenser: four entered but did not take the bait; two did not visit but were killed by secondary poisoning; and nine never entered a bait dispenser. After the experiment, intensive live trapping guided by repeated radio-location surveys retrieved only two of 13 collared ferrets that were definitely still alive on the study area. Inefficiency of trapping wide-ranging mustelids such as ferrets, stoats (Mustela erminea) and mink (Neovison vison) is probably commonplace, due to lack of opportunity (if animals take longer to find or enter a trap than it remains available) and/or to active avoidance (refusal to enter traps or to take bait). Our results provide confirmed examples of both, and help explain why short-term or seasonal control of invasive mustelids is often very inefficient, and eradication unlikely.     

Large scale predator control improves the productivity of a rare New Zealand riverine duck

Declines in avian populations are often attributed to the presence of introduced predators but conservation managers frequently lack good information about the effectiveness of potential predator control regimes for protecting threatened species. Whio, Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos, are a threatened New Zealand waterfowl that has been declining in both distribution and abundance. We conducted a six-year study using a paired-catchment experiment in New Zealand Nothofagus forest as part of an adaptive management programme to assess whether whio populations responded positively to stoat (Mustela erminea) control. Video monitoring identified stoats as the primary nest predator. Year-round low-intensity stoat control (10 traps per linear km) significantly reduced the stoat abundance index in trapped sites compared with untrapped sites. As a result, whio nesting success and productivity, the number of fledglings produced per pair, increased significantly in the trapped compared to the untrapped area. However, survival rates and the number of pairs did not change significantly between the treatments. These findings indicate stoats are the primary agent of decline for whio in this Nothofagus forest system, and show that low-intensity stoat control is sufficient to improve the productivity of whio populations. Overall, the study demonstrates the value of an adaptive management approach whereby management techniques can be evaluated to ensure that the primary agent of decline is clearly identified and that predator densities are kept sufficiently low.     

The red fox in Australia—an exotic predator turned biocontrol agent

The most important problem regarding mammal conservation in mainland Australia is the low abundance and limited distributions of many species, a legacy of an unprecedented collapse of the mammal fauna on a continental scale that unfolded following European colonisation. Two major hypotheses (not necessarily always mutually exclusive) have been proposed to account for the collapse (1) niche loss-damage due to a variety of causes and (2) predation by exotics, in particular by the red fox. This paper provides evidence the supporting the latter cause as a major factor.Five case studies in Western Australia demonstrate that the fox is an efficient predator that restricts medium-sized marsupials to refugia at low densities. Removal of the fox by baiting typically produces two prey responses (1) significant population recoveries and (2) the colonisation and exploitation of habitats outside of refugia. To date, 11 medium-sized marsupial species, representing seven families, have responded in a like manner. The impact of the fox on its known marsupial prey mimics a biocontrol agent as it severely limits prey distribution and abundance. Niche denial and population suppression characterise it's actions on a suite of vulnerable species not yet fully documented.     

捕食性天敌对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫各龄期个体选择捕食作用研究

本文根据稻纵卷叶螟１－５龄幼虫与捕食性天敌共存时的试验时及对照处理中稻纵卷叶螟各龄幼虫数量变化，把由于天敌捕作用所导致的数量变化信息区分出来，据此讨论捕性天敌对稻纵卷叶螟各龄幼虫的选择捕食比率。得到：拟环纹狼蛛、拟水狼蛛、粽管巢蛛和食虫瘤胸蛛对稻纵卷叶螟３－５龄幼虫有较高选择比率；而青翅蚁形隐翅虫则对稻纵卷叶螟１－２龄幼虫有较高的选择捕食比率。     

铁杉上的瓢虫种类研究（鞘翅目：瓢虫科）

记述了采自云南、四川铁杉上的瓢虫科昆虫，共８种，其中５种是新种：蛇形小毛瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ）ｎａｊａｆｏｒｍｉｓＹｕ，云杉坪小瓢虫Ｓ．（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｙｕｎｓｈａｎｐｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＹｕ，波结毛瓢虫Ｓ．（Ｎｅｏｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｓｉｎｕａｎｏｄｕｌｕｓＹｕｅｔＹａｏ，弧结毛瓢虫Ｓ．（Ｎ．）ｃａｍｐｔｏｄｒｏｍｕｓＹｕｅｔｌｉｕ，截端方瓢虫ＰｓｅｕｄｏｓｃｙｍｎｕｓｔｒｕｎｃａｔｕｌｕｓＹｕ，２种由于单一雌性仅鉴定到属。经实验室饲养，发现波结毛瓢虫和弧结毛瓢虫捕食铁杉球蚜。     

Restoration of a multi-species seabird colony

Nesting herring and great black-backed gulls (Larus argentatus and Larus marinus) were removed from a recently abandoned tern (Sterna sp.) colony through a combination of poisoning and shooting. Following gull control, all three species of tern that had nested in the colony prior to the arrival of the gulls returned and nested in increasing numbers. In addition to the restoration of the terns, removal of the gulls led to colonization and/or significant increases in populations of four other seabirds. Gull numbers were greatly reduced by initial poisoning efforts, but continued immigration from surrounding colonies has required an on-going program of shooting to eliminate territorial birds nesting in areas utilized by terns and other species. In situations calling for active management we advocate rapid, focused intervention, and stress the importance of inter-organizational cooperation, and an active program of public education.     

Effects of plant feeding on the development,survival and reproduction of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Diets consisting of leaves of cotton and/or water were insufficient to promote the complete development and survival of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) to the adult stage. However, nymphs fed leaves lived longer than those provided with only water. Addition of Alabama argillacea (Huebner) larvae to the diet of P. nigrispinus added a substantial increment to the survival during the nymphal stage. The addition of cotton leaves to the diet of P. nigrispinus nymphs promoted an increase in the weight of newly eclosed adults, independent of predator sex. In addition, diets supplemented with cotton leaves promoted an increase in the duration of the oviposition period, the number of egg clutches per female, and the number of eggs per female. No effects were noted on either the duration of the pre-oviposition period, the number of eggs of the first clutch, the number of eggs per clutch, the interval between egg clutches, or sex ratio. Feeding on plant material by P. nigrispinus is a potentially positive attribute in biological control against cotton leafworm.