抗鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒酶标抗体的研制与应用

该试验采用过碘酸钠氧化法研制成功了抗鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒酶标抗体。通过进行双抗体夹心法ＥＬＩＳＡ试验，对不同送检病料中的传染性法氏囊病病毒进行了检测。结果表明：用过碘酸钠氧化法制备酶标抗体方法简便、省时；用双抗体夹心法ＥＬＩＳＡ试验检测传染性法氏囊病病毒，具有灵敏度高、特异性强等优点。     

蛋氨酸锌螯合物的生化性质及其在养鸡业中的应用

对蛋氨酸锌的结构、理化性质及在动物体内的生化特性进行了综述。并与无机锌添加剂作了比较。从引用的试验数据可以看出。蛋氨酸锌能促进家禽的生长。提高产蛋能力和免疫功能。是一类具有广泛应用前景的矿物质添加剂。     

Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from poultry environment and UTI patients in Kerala,India: A comparison study

BackgroundThere are only narrow insights regarding the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens in poultry environment in India and its transmission to humans. The use of antimicrobials in food animal production is not properly regulated in India. So, many clinically important antimicrobials are used indiscriminately.ObjectiveOur aim was to do a comparative analysis of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from poultry environment and UTI patients.MethodologyTwo poultry farms each from six areas in Muvattupuzha region of the state of Kerala in India were selected for the study. From each farm, samples of fresh fecal matter, litter from inside the shed, litter from outside the shed, nearby agricultural soil and control soilwere collected. E. coli was isolated from each sample, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli was done with fifteen antibiotics. Antibiograms of UTI patients were collected from the tertiary care hospital included in the study and those were compared with the antibiograms of poultrysamples.ResultAll samples were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, meropenem and tetracycline. Similar resistance pattern in poultry environment and UTI patients was seen for antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin, amikacin, and ofloxacin. A statistically significant difference (p < .00601) was established in the total number of isolates resistant to various antibiotics from areas near to farms compared to those away from farms.ConclusionE. coli were resistant not only to extended spectrum beta lactams but also to carbapenems which might have disseminated to environment where litter was used as manure. This might be due to irrational use of antibiotics in chicken and poultry feed as growth promoter.     

畜禽养殖概论课程建设的探索与实践

按照精品课程建设内容和要求,畜禽养殖概论课程在教学内容、教学方法与手段、实践教学、科研促进教学以及综合成绩评定5个方面进行了积极的探索与实践,旨在为深化课程改革、提高教学质量提供参考。     

The effect of supplementation of clove and agrimony or clove and lemon balm on growth performance, antioxidant status and selected indices of lipid profile of broiler chickens

The study investigated the effects of diet supplementation with 1% clove flower buds powder combined with either 0.2% lemon balm extract or 0.2% agrimony extract (each of the two pulverized extracts supplied through drinking water) on body weight of broilers, total feed intake, feed conversion ratio and the carcass yield, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px, EC 1.11.1.9) in blood, concentration of sulfhydryl (?SH) groups, malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin A and E, low‐density lipoproteins in the blood plasma, serum cholesterol, total lipids, triglycerides and high‐density lipoproteins in broiler chickens at 42 days of age. On the day of hatching, 120 male and female broilers of Cobb 500 were randomly divided into three groups. The control group (1st group) of broilers received a basal diet (BD) without any feed and water additive. Both experimental groups of chicks were fed BD enriched with clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) powder at a dose of 10 g/kg DM for 42 days. Moreover, either lemon balm (Mellisa officinalis L.) extract or agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria L.) extract diluted with drinking water (2:1000) was given to broilers in the 2nd and 3rd group respectively. The results indicated that feeding the diets enriched with selected herbal supplements failed to affect the growth performance of broiler chickens at 42 days of age. In addition, this supplementation had no influence on the activities of SOD and GSH‐Px, concentration of vitamin A and selected lipid metabolism indices. On the other hand, we observed beneficial effects on some indices of the antioxidant status (increased concentration of ?SH groups and vitamin E, decreased concentration of MDA) in the blood of broilers in both experimental groups in comparison with the control group of chickens (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a slightly better antioxidant capacity was found in the blood of broilers supplied the combination of clove and lemon balm compared to clove and agrimony (vitamin E, 11.26 ± 0.73 vs. 9.73 ± 0.64 μmol/L, p < 0.05 respectively). It could be concluded that supplementation of the diet with clove flower buds powder combined with lemon balm extract or agrimony extract dissolved in drinking water has a potential to increase the antioxidant status but fails to influence either the growth performance or the selected lipid metabolism indices of broilers at the age of 42 days.     

Consequences of calcium interactions with phytate and phytase for poultry and pigs

Despite increasing practical experience and cascades of scientific reports on exogenous microbial phytases, several issues associated with their use remain unresolved because of the ambiguous and, at times, conflicting data that has been generated. One possible cause of these inconsistent outcomes is dietary calcium (Ca) levels, which are mainly derived from limestone. Thus the purpose of this review is to examine Ca interactions with dietary phytate and phytases, particularly exogenous, microbial phytases, and their consequences for poultry and pigs. The polyanionic phytate molecule has a tremendous capacity to chelate cations and form insoluble Ca–phytate complexes, which are refractory to phytase activity. Thus Ca–phytate complex formation along the gastrointestinal tract, where one phytate (IP₆) molecule binds up to five Ca atoms, assumes importance and approximately one third of dietary Ca may be bound to phytate in digesta. Consequently, phytate limits the availability of both P and Ca as a result of insoluble Ca–phytate complex formation, the extent of which is driven by gut pH and molar ratios of the two components. It is accepted that Ca–phytate complexes are mainly formed in the small intestine where they have a substantial negative influence on the efficacy of mucosal phytase. However, exogenous phytases are mainly active in more proximal segments of the gut and lower pH levels, so their efficacy should not be influenced by Ca–phytate complexes in the small intestine. There is, however, data to indicate that Ca and phytate interactions occur under acidic conditions with the formation of soluble and insoluble Ca–phytate species, which could negatively impact on exogenous phytase efficacy. Also, Ca will tend to elevate gut pH because of limestone's very high acid binding capacity, which will favour Ca–phytate interactions and may influence the activity of exogenous phytases depending on their pH activity spectrum. The de novo formation of binary protein–phytate complexes that are refractory to pepsin hydrolysis may be fundamental to the negative impact of phytate on the digestibility of protein/amino acids. However, high dietary Ca levels may disrupt protein–phytate complex formation by interacting with both phytate and protein even at acidic pH levels, thereby influencing the outcomes of phytase amino acid digestibility assays. Finally, it is increasingly necessary to define the Ca and nonphytate-P requirements of pigs and poultry offered phytase-supplemented diets.     

家禽主效基因的研究进展

随着分子生物学在家禽育种中的应用,对主效基因的研究成为必然。本文论述了影响家禽主要经济性状的主效基因的概念,对目前家禽一系列主效基因作了较详细地综述,并在此基础上,对主效基因的应用前景进行了探讨。     

Characterisation of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) associated with colisepticaemia compared to faecal isolates from healthy birds

A total of 114 avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates were collected from cases of colisepticaemia occurring in broilers (77) and layers (37) within Ireland. In addition 45 strains isolated from faeces of healthy birds were included for comparison. All isolates were serogrouped, and examined for known virulence factors, mostly by PCR. The O78 serogroup represented 55 and 27% of broiler and layer colisepticaemic isolates respectively. All isolates were positive for curli fimbriae (crl, csg) and negative for afimbrial adhesin (afa). S-fimbrial (sfa) sequences were present in 8.8% of septicaemic isolates and 8.9% of healthy bird isolates. The majority of E. coli from cases of colisepticaemia (97.4%) and healthy bird (95.6%) isolates were positive for aerobactin (aer), and temperature sensitive haemagglutinin (tsh) was similarly detected in high numbers in 93.9 and 93.3%, respectively. In comparison to E. coli isolates from the faeces of healthy birds, a significantly higher percentage of isolates from septicaemic cases possessed Type 1 fimbriae (fimC) and increased serum survival (iss) gene sequences. Forty-seven (41.2%) isolates from septicaemic birds possessed P-fimbriae (pap) gene sequences, compared with only 15.6% from E. coli isolated from healthy birds. Haemolysin (hlyE) sequences were detected in 46.7% of isolates from healthy birds in comparison with 6.1% of septicaemic isolates. Sequences encoding colicin V (cvaC) were detected in 99.1% of septicaemic isolates and 82.2% of isolates from healthy birds. The K1 capsule was only present in two septicaemic isolates, both taken from layers. Motility was detected in 36.8% of E. coli isolated from cases of septicaemia, compared with 93.3% of isolates from healthy birds. These results demonstrate the presence of 11 virulence genes in E. coli isolated from cases of colisepticaemia within Ireland, and indicate the prevalence of iss and fimC.     

Isolation and molecular characterization of quinolone resistant Salmonella spp. from poultry farms

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 94 Salmonella strains isolated from different poultry farms in Chile (broiler and laggin hens) were analyzed by the dilution plates method. Thirty-nine of them were resistant to flumequine, nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid with MIC values higher than 64 μg/ml. These quinolone resistant strains were analyzed in order to determine the presence of mutations in the QRDR region of gyrA gene by AS-PCR-RFLP analysis. 51.3% of the strains showed mutations at codon Ser 83 and 41.0% showed mutations at codon Asp 87. No mutations were observed on codon Gly 81. These mutations were confirmed by sequenciation of one representative strain from different RFLP pattern. Likewise, no double mutations were observed. Over 90% of the quinolone resistant strains presented mutations at the QRDR region of the gyrA gene. Three phenotypically resistant strains did not show any mutations on the QRDR region of gyrA gene. However, other molecular resistant mechanism could be involve. This is the first study that demonstrate the emergency of quinolone and fluoroquinolone resistance in Chilean Salmonella strains isolated from poultry thus indicating the requirement of monitoring programmes in veterinary medicine.