Effects of Two Organic Wastes in Combination with Phosphorus on Growth and Chemical Composition of Spinach and Soil Properties

Abstract

Most agricultural soils in Iran are usually low in organic matter (OM). Therefore, increasing OM in these soils is of great concern. Environmental pollution caused by chemical fertilizers has created an interest in the integrated use of organic wastes with inorganic fertilizers. The main purpose of this greenhouse study was to evaluate the impact of two organic wastes and phosphorus (P) on the growth, and elemental composition of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and soil chemical properties. Treatments consisted of four levels of municipal waste compost, MWC (0, 1, 2, and 4%), five rates of poultry manure, PM (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%), and three P levels (0, 25, and 50 mg kg^?1 as KH₂PO₄). Application of P and MWC alone or in combination significantly increased the top dry weight of spinach. However, spinach growth was markedly increased up to 3% PM and suppressed with the higher rate, probably due to an excess of soluble salts in the soil. Moreover, the enhancing influence of P on spinach seedling growth was more pronounced at lower levels of MWC and PM. Plant P concentration tended to increase with increasing P, MWC, and PM application rates, whereas nitrogen (N) concentration was only affected by the two organic wastes treatment. Manganese (Mn) concentrations decreased, and copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) increased by soil P application. However, P addition significantly decreased zinc (Zn) concentration only in MWC-treated spinach. Spinach plants enriched with either of the two biosolids accumulated more Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, chloride (Cl), and sodium (Na) than control plants. Furthermore, spinach grown on MWC-amended soil contained higher Mn, Zn, Cu, and Pb and lower N, Cl, and Na than those raised on PM-treated soil. Postharvest soil sampling indicated that application of the two biosolids significantly increased concentration of soluble salts, (EC_e), OM, TN, NaHCO₃-extractable P, and DTPA-extractable iron (Fe), Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd.     

禽流感对中国经济产生的影响及启示

071003 保定市河北农业大学经济贸易学院     

近红外光谱技术在家禽养殖领域应用现状

近红外光谱是一种快速光谱分析的新方法,伴随着光谱技术与化学计量法的发展,近红外光谱已广泛应用于农业、食品、医药、石油化工等行业,极大地提高了各行业信息化水平。基于近红外光谱在家禽养殖领域的应用现状,本文总结了近红外光谱技术的发展及其在饲料成分检测和禽肉检测中的应用。在饲料检测和家禽肉类检测方面,通过将禽肉样品的光谱信息与质量指标的参考值相关联,建立了预测饲料和待测肉类高精度、高稳定性的数学模型。与传统方法相比,近红外光谱技术具有信息量大、数据计算速度快等优点。本文还归纳了近红外光谱技术在饲料品质检测和肉类品质检测的应用现状,指出了近红外光谱在家禽养殖领域的大规模应用推广的可能性。同时指出近红外光谱技术存在的问题和未来发展方向,结果表明近红外光谱技术在饲料和畜产品检测领域具有良好的发展前景和应用价值。     

禽类艾美耳球虫生物学和免疫生物学的研究进展

[目的]介绍禽类艾美耳球虫生物学和免疫生物学的研究进展,减少其对养禽业造成的经济损失。[方法]从禽类球虫的生活史、遗传学、生物化学、种类鉴定和诊断、免疫生物学、球虫病的控制及未来发展方向和亟待解决的问题等方面,阐述了近年来的发展情况。[结果]禽类的艾美耳球虫的生活史包括有性生殖阶段和无性生殖阶段;球虫的生物学发育也比较清楚;在外界环境中进行孢子生殖;目前其种类主要为7类;在球虫感染的免疫学方面研究有很大进展;在了解以上生物学和免疫生物学的研究进展后,提出了防治措施。[结论]该研究为防治养禽业球虫病提供了依据。     

禽霍乱油乳剂灭活苗（TJ株）的研制与应用

从天津地区某些发病鸡场分离的２０余株禽多杀性巴氏杆菌中筛选４株（ＴＪ株）作为制苗用菌种,制成油乳剂灭活苗,进行物理性状检验与安全性,免疫性试验,用实验室制备的禽霍乱油乳剂灭活苗（ＴＪ株）对大港,静海等发病鸡场进行免疫接种,完全控制了禽霍乱的流行。     

青海东部农区猪鸡寄生虫病调查和防治技术研究

在青海省东部农区进行了猪、鸡寄生虫病原分类、感染情况、季节动态和防治方法及效益的研究。结果证实:农区猪、鸡寄生虫病感染严重,查明猪寄生虫有19种。其中优势虫种4种,鸡寄生虫有13种,其中优势虫种3种;并证明丙硫咪唑8mg/kg,左旋咪唑10mg/kg 或害获灭0.3mg/kg 用于猪,左旋咪唑15—20mg/kg 用于鸡均安全高效。同时,了解了主要气象因素及年龄变化与优势虫种感染的相关性,提出幼年猪在3—6月龄投药,间隔2—3个月第2次投药和鸡在4—8月份投药的防治方案。两次投药可使育肥猪增重提高4.24—14.40kg。一次投药可使群养鸡的产蛋率在高峰期提高2个百分点,每只鸡产蛋期产蛋量增加200g。此项研究已在海东、西宁地区推广使用,效果明显。     

Risk factors of Salmonella infection in laying hens in Menoua Division,Western region of Cameroon (Central Africa)

Salmonella infections in poultry farms are overlooked in many African countries; yet these infections are mostly zoonotic with impact on both poultry industry and public health. Considering the impact of Salmonella in laying hens, and the role of laying hens as a source of Salmonella outbreak in human, knowledge of the status of Salmonella on laying hen farms as well as the factors influencing the presence of Salmonella is important. In a cross sectional study, cloacal swabs were collected from 270 commercial laying hens on 27 farms located in Menoua Division. These samples were cultured on standard media. A questionnaire was used to collect information on animals, farms and farmer’s characteristics. The prevalence of Salmonella was 93.34%; three zoonotic isolates namely S. Enteritidis (75.90%), S. Paratyphi (11.90%), and S. Typhimurium (5.60%) were identified. The location of farms was significantly associated with presence of Salmonella, and the risk of infection was 10-fold higher in Nkong-ni than Santchou (p < 0.05). Other potential risk factors such as flock size, age of the farm (infrastructure), or water source were not associated with Salmonella infection. The prophylactic measures against avian diseases in the country must include measures against Salmonella to protect poultry industry and public health.     

Control of Fusarium wilt of carnation using organic amendments combined with soil solarization,and report of associated Fusarium species in southern Spain

Fusarium wilt is a disease that restricts carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) yield worldwide. Efficacies in reducing the Fusarium wilt of carnation (FWC), of various types of organic amendments (fresh or pelletized poultry manure, pelletized Brassica carinata and olive residue compost) combined with soil solarization, were compared in two biennial field trials conducted in a greenhouse with a history of carnation monoculture over 8 years. Soil treatments combining organic amendments and soil solarization significantly reduced disease incidence (86–99%) and increased the number of commercial carnation stems by 5–9 times compared to non-treated plots. Twenty-one Fusarium spp. isolates, with different colony morphologies were recovered from soil samples taken in the greenhouse, before the application of treatments in June 2013. Nineteen of them were morphological and molecularly characterized. Additionally, two pathogenicity tests with 17 isolates recovered from greenhouse soils and two isolates recovered from organic amendments were performed. Fusarium species associated with carnation cultivation were identified as Fusarium oxysporum (43%), Fusarium proliferatum (24%), and Fusarium solani (33%). The phylogenetic analysis of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) region distinguished highly aggressive isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, from low aggressive isolates. The pathogenicity tests showed that FWC has a complex etiology, with several Fusarium spp. identified as causal agents. F. proliferatum and F. solani are associated with carnation wilt for the first time in Spain.     

Evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of adjuvanted Salmonella Typhimurium ghost vaccine against salmonellosis in chickens

Background: Salmonella Typhimurium, a non-host-adapted Gram-negative intracellular pathogen, is capable of infecting a variety of animal hosts and humans.

Objective: This study utilized the prime-booster immunization strategy using Salmonella Typhimurium–LTB (S. Typhimurium–LTB) ghost with the aim of inducing a robust immune response for the prevention of avian salmonellosis. In addition, the effect of Montanide^TM ISA 70VG adjuvant on S. Typhimurium–LTB ghost vaccination was investigated.

Animals and methods: A total of 75 chickens were divided into three groups (n=25) for intramuscular immunization: group A (non-immunized control injected with sterile PBS), group B (immunized with S. Typhimurium–LTB ghost), and group C (immunized with S. Typhimurium–LTB ghost plus Montanide^TM ISA70VG adjuvant).

Results: Compared with group A, the immunized chickens (groups B and C) exhibited increased titers of antigen specific plasma IgG and intestinal secretory IgA antibodies. In addition, group C showed enhanced induction of the humoral immune response compared to group B. The populations of splenic CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T-cells increased significantly in both immunized groups. In addition, increased mRNA expression of the Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ, and IL-2 were observed in S. Typhimurium antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from groups B and C chickens. Chickens from both vaccinated groups showed significant protection against virulent S. Typhimurium oral challenge compared to non-vaccinated chickens and a lower challenge strain count was recovered from the internal organs of group C.

Conclusions: Injection of S. Typhimurium-LTB ghost with or without Montanide^TM ISA70VG adjuvant is capable of inducing protective immunity against the virulent S. Typhimurium infection in chickens.     

饲粮纤维对家禽的营养调控研究进展

纤维曾被视为家禽饲粮所含的一种抗营养因子,但适量的饲粮纤维可有效改善家禽的营养与健康。饲粮纤维成分复杂,不同纤维源的营养功能与作用机制不尽相同。本文介绍饲粮纤维的概念与性质,探讨其对家禽消化生理、肠道健康及生产的影响,阐释其调控家禽营养的机制,为其在家禽生产中高效利用提供科学依据。