Influence of maternal immunity on vaccine efficacy and susceptibility of one day old chicks against Egyptian highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1

In Egypt, continuous circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses of clade 2.2.1 in vaccinated commercial poultry challenges strenuous control efforts. Here, vaccine-derived maternal AIV H5 specific immunity in one-day old chicks was investigated as a factor of vaccine failure in long-term blanket vaccination campaigns in broiler chickens. H5 seropositive one-day old chicks were derived from breeders repeatedly immunized with a commercial inactivated vaccine based on the Potsdam/H5N2 strain. When challenged using the antigenically related HPAIV strain Italy/98 (H5N2) clinical protection was achieved until at least 10 days post-hatch although virus replication was not fully suppressed. No protection at all was observed against the Egyptian HPAIV strain EGYvar/H5N1 representing a vaccine escape lineage. Other groups of chicks with maternal immunity were vaccinated once at 3 or 14 days of age using either the Potsdam/H5N2 vaccine or a vaccine based on EGYvar/H5N1. At day 35 of age these chicks were challenged with the Egyptian HPAIV strain EGYcls/H5N1 which co-circulates with EGYvar/H5N1 but does not represent an antigenic drift variant. The Potsdam/H5N2 vaccinated groups were not protected against EGYcls/H5N1 infection while, in contrast, the EGYvar/H5N1 vaccinated chicks withstand challenge with EGYvar/H5N1 infection. In addition, the results showed that maternal antibodies could interfere with the immune response when a homologous vaccine strain was used.     

Poultry as a possible source of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars in humans in Bangladesh

We investigated Salmonella enterica isolates from human clinical cases of gastroenteritis to determine the distribution of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars in the human population, and compared them to isolates originating from poultry by serotyping, phage typing, plasmid profiling, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) to evaluate the potential role of poultry in human non-typhoidal salmonellosis in Bangladesh. Nine different serovars were identified among the human isolates of which Salmonella Paratyphi B var Java (S. Java), S. Kentucky, S. Enteritidis, S. Virchow and S. Weltevreden also were commonly isolated from poultry. The poultry isolates belonging to S. Java, S. Kentucky and S. Enteritidis were indistinguishable from human isolates or genetically closely related, based on PFGE profiles and MLST. S. Kentucky clone ST198 and S. Java clone ST43 both well-known cause of human infections were also isolated from poultry.     

鸡产蛋下降综合症病毒的血凝特性测定

本试验旨在探讨ＥＤＳ病毒血凝反应的最佳反应条件,观察病毒对各种动物红细胞的凝集谱,测定各种因素对病毒血凝素的影响,结果表明,血凝反应宜采用１％的鸡红血球,稀释液用ｐＨ７的生理盐水,室温作用３５ｍｉｎ（分钟）后观察表明,该病毒能凝集鸡,鸭,鹅红细胞,而不能凝集哺乳动物红细胞,耐热,５６℃１ｈ不影响其血凝性,对胰酶和浓度大于０．４％的甲醛敏感;反复冻融８次对血凝效价无影响。     

我国养禽业粪污排放·治理现状·建议

阐述了当前我国养禽业粪污排放现状,从对大气、水体和土壤的污染3个方面,分析了粪污外排对环境的影响,并介绍了我国家禽粪污主要治理技术,包括无害化处理技术、资源化利用技术。最后提出了我国家禽业粪污治理的几点建议,包括政府实施粪污治理政策要松紧有度,循序渐进;完善建立宏观、整体且行之有效的粪污综合治理措施;坚决执行种养结合的粪污消纳可持续发展战略。     

美国、澳大利亚家禽食品安全管理体系的发展及启示

家禽食品安全对家禽业发展至关重要,因此研究和借鉴发达国家家禽食品安全的管理、控制体系对我国制定家禽食品安全法规、规范企业行业生产具有重要意义。目前,相关研究主要集中在食品安全方面,但从家禽角度研究发达国家与中国食品安全对比的报道不多。中国家禽食品安全管理从养殖、屠宰加工、储藏运输、零售批发等方面均与国际发达国家有较大差距,未来中国家禽食品安全管理体系的发展应该从这4个方面入手制定相应法律法规,加强监控管理,完善产业体系。     

家禽饲用玉米可利用氨基酸营养价值评价

以凯氏定氮法测定“9409”饲用玉米的粗蛋白质为91.9g/kg。用Beckman121型氨基酸分析仪测定其18种氨基酸含量(88.3252g/kg)占粗蛋白质含量的96.11%,13种必需氨基酸含量为4.3731g/kg。以90日龄未取盲肠公鸡测定中的氨基酸真可利用率在84.65%-96.21%。以蛋鸡和肉仔鸡理想蛋白质为模型,计算氨基酸平衡性指数,表明饲用玉米是家禽的良好蛋白源。     

固体废弃物及土壤中磷的形态分析技术

畜禽粪便等固体废弃物及土壤中磷的形态分析对于管理固体废弃物、提高磷素利用率、减少磷素流失风险具有重要意义。自20世纪初以来,已提出多种固体废弃物及土壤中磷素形态分析的方法,包括化学分级、酶水解法、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)3、1P核磁共振(31P NMR)、X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)等。本文系统总结了一些固体废弃物及土壤中磷素形态分析的方法,比较了其特点,指出只靠单一的方法并不能很好地鉴定固体废弃物及土壤中磷素的形态,必须综合考虑运用多种方法,从而为磷素形态分析提供方法选择的依据,同时为进一步发展固体废弃物及土壤中磷素形态分析新技术奠定基础。     

Programme to Vaccinate Poultry Workers Against Seasonal Influenza: Options for Delivery in the East of England

Avian influenza A (H5N1) has spread to the UK causing outbreaks in commercial poultry. Vaccination of poultry workers with seasonal influenza has been advised to prevent a viral mutation that could facilitate human‐to‐human transmission, causing a new pandemic strain. This project aimed to determine delivery options and costs of a vaccination programme targeted at poultry workers. Data from the Great Britain Poultry Register were used to understand the distribution of the target population. A stakeholders group in the East of England (EoE) discussed delivery options. An options appraisal is used to prioritize these options. There are over 10 000 poultry workers distributed throughout the EoE. Five delivery options were considered (industry’s occupational health services, via general practitioners as a Directed or Locally Enhanced Services, via other community healthcare providers and a commercial provider). Delivery is likely to cost between £35 414 and £182 899 (or £10.18–£48.93 per person vaccinated) in the EoE, depending on delivery mechanism, target threshold and level of uptake. Delivering through a commercial provider was the preferred option. Whichever way the programme is delivered it should be cost‐neutral to the Primary Care Trust (PCT). Otherwise PCTs may see themselves having to prioritize between vaccinating poultry workers against other pressing programmes.     

《中国家禽》性质及学科分类

根据期刊性质和学科分类方法,以文献数量为依据对《中国家禽》进行分类。结果发现,《中国家禽》2010年刊登的论文以学术性为主,畜牧与动物医学类文献占当年文献总量的85．78％,其余学科文献均较少,不能划入相应学科,因此应将该刊归类为畜牧与动物医学类专业学术期刊。     

家禽日粮中NSP的抗营养作用机理研究

家禽日粮中,黏性谷物的添加将不利于禽类动物的生长和生产性能的发挥。其原因是黏性谷物中含有大量的抗营养成分-非淀粉多糖(non-starch polysaccharides,NSP)(如葡聚糖、阿拉伯木聚糖等)。它们的存在将改变动物肠道的理化性质及功能特性。为此,本综述对NSP的抗营养机理作用方式,包括对肠道黏度、肠道形态学结构、肠道分泌功能的改变,以及与微生物的互作效应进行了详尽的叙述,以便为今后对NSP的深入研究作一参考。