鸡朊粉饲喂生长兔试验

利用加利福尼亚肉兔６４只，随机分成４组，在饲粮中分别加入０％、１０％、２０％、３０％的鸡朊粉。结果表明：肉兔饲糖添加鸡朊粉是可行的，其中以１０％、２０％的添加比例效果较好，试验期增重分别比对照组高６．７６％和８．７２％，同时饲料报酬得到改善。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus strains isolated from poultry faeces

We have investigated the resistance of Enterococcus isolated from poultry faeces to antibiotics commonly used as therapy of enterococcal infections. Identification was made by the method of Facklam and Collins. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin and teicoplanin were determined and high level aminoglycoside resistance was investigated. Genes codifying high level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) were determined by PCR. Fifty five Enterococcus strains were isolated (63.6% E. faecalis, 12.7% E. mundtii, 9.1% E. faecium, 7.3% E. casseliflavus, 3.7% E. durans and 3.6% E. hirae). None of the strains were resistant to VAN, TEC, P or AM. HLAR was found in 34.5% of strains for SM, 27.3% for KM and 7.3% for GM. The gene for the bifunctional enzyme was found only in one strain, that showed HLAR to GM and KM. Fourteen strains harboured the gene aph(3')-III, being 11 resistant to KM and STR, and three resistant to GM, KM and STR. The remaining six strains showed HLAR to STR, but were negative for the three genes tested by PCR. The gene ant(4'4") was not detected in any of the strains. No unexpected vancomycin resistance was detected. The resistance rates among poultry strains were lower than those found among human strains isolated from hospital patients in recent Canary studies.     

Environmental and anthropogenic risk factors for highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1 outbreaks in Romania, 2005−2006

The association between highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 outbreak risk in poultry in 161 Romanian villages (October 2005 to June 2006) and environmental and anthropogenic factors was investigated. Village outbreak risk was associated with a village being <5 km from a major road (odds ratio [OR] 5.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21–22.9) or a river/stream (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.06–3.72). Outbreak risk in the first part of the epidemic was associated with a village being <5 km from a major road (OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.10–9.98) or a regularly flooded land area (OR 5.08, 95% CI 1.08–23.9); whereas outbreak risk in the second part of the epidemic was associated with a village being <5 km from a river/stream (OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.69–18.9). Results suggest that both environmental and anthropogenic factors influence the risk of HPAI subtype H5N1 outbreaks in village poultry populations.     

禽类与哺乳类Ghrelin结构及功能研究进展

Ghrelin主要是由胃分泌的一种脑肠肽激素,它是生长激素促分泌素受体(GHSR)的内源性配基。目前,对哺乳动物Ghrelin研究相对较多,主要集中在Ghrelin结构及其对激素分泌、摄食、能量代谢、胃肠功能、生殖与免疫的调节作用,而对禽类Ghrelin结构和功能研究相对较少且稍显滞后。本文就禽类与哺乳类Ghrelin结构及功能进行比较研究作一综述,为进一步研究禽类Ghrelin的功能提供参考。     

Feed particle selection and nutrient intake altered by pecking stone consumption and beak length in free-range laying hens

The present study investigated the effects of pecking stones on feeding behaviour of hens from 16 to 46 weeks of age. Eighteen flocks of Hy-Line Brown hens were housed in 2 commercial free-range housing systems. Farm A housed 10 flocks of beak trimmed (infrared beak treatment) hens in fixed sheds. Farm B housed 8 flocks of hens with intact beaks in mobile sheds. On each farm, flocks were equally assigned to control groups (no access to pecking stones) and treatment groups (access to pecking stones). Data were evaluated every 10 weeks. At each time point, 10 hens per flock were housed in individual pens, and each hen was provided with 250 g of mash diet and ad libitum water for 24 h. After 24 h, feed samples were collected and used to determine 24-h feed intake. Nutrient and particle selection was measured by subtracting nutrients and particles present in the leftover feed from the vaules obtained in the offered feed and expressed the change (Δ). In addition, pecking stone consumption was recorded for each flock. Data were analysed separately for each farm using fixed effects of pecking stone availability and hen age. Spearman's rho correlation coefficients and linear regression models were constructed to evaluate the relationship of beak length and pecking stone usage, discrete mean particle size (dMEAN) consumption (Δ dMEAN), and Δ nutrient intake. Hens with access to pecking stones consumed significantly lower quantities of large feed particles (>2.8 mm) on farm A (P = 0.029) and selected significantly more fine particles, on farm B (P = 0.013). Overall, positive relationships (P = 0.001) between beak length and pecking stone consumption, Δ dMEAN, and Δ phosphorus consumption were observed. In conclusion, pecking stone consumption resulted in reduced selection and consumption of feed particles in hens housed on both farms. Further research is warranted to investigate the effect of pecking stones on sensory innervation of the beak.     

Avian infectious bronchitis virus in Africa: a review

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is worldwide in distribution, highly infectious, and extremely difficult to control because it has extensive genetic diversity, a short generation time, and a high mutation rate. IBV is a Gammacoronavirus, single-stranded, and positive-sense RNA virus. Avian infectious bronchitis is well studied in European countries with identification of a large number of IBV variants, whereas in African countries epidemiological and scientific data are poor and not updated. However, previous studies reported that an IBV variant continues to appear regularly in Africa, as currently described in Morocco. No cross-protection between IBV strains was reported, some being unique to a particular country, others having a more general distribution. This review aims to provide a general overview on IB disease distribution in African countries and an update on the available studies of IBV variants in each country.     

快速鉴定主要禽类性别的一对新的通用引物

家禽的性别一般可以通过翻肛法或其他常规方法进行。翻肛方法对个体的应激较大,而且鹅、鸽等家禽进行翻肛鉴定错误率较高。本研究针对禽类性染色体上的染色质解螺旋蛋白DNA结合蛋白1(chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1,CHD1)基因,设计了一对引物g CHD,对鸡(Gallus gallus)、鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)、鹅(Anser anser)和鸽(Columba livia)的性染色体CHD1基因进行PCR扩增。扩增结果显示,雄性禽类只有一条带,雌性禽类有两条带,其中较长的带与雄性的条带位置相同。对扩增产物进行克隆测序,序列分析结果表明,较长的条带序列位于Z染色体,命名为CHD1-Z条带;较短的条带序列位于W染色体,命名为CHD1-W带。在鉴定的4个禽类物种中,CHD1-Z条带与CHD1-W条带大小相差均为150 bp左右,其缺失的序列位于内含子中。结果表明,设计的g CHD引物可以作为禽类的通用引物,通过扩增产物凝胶电泳后的条带数目可快速、准确地鉴定禽类的性别。该方法可以提前鉴定出禽类的性别,提高养殖效率;而且为特定性别的胚胎研究提供了可靠的性别鉴定手段。     

Effects of dietary canola oil level on growth performance, fatty acid composition and ionoregulatory development of spring chinook salmon parr, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

This study assessed the potential of refined canola oil (CO) as a source of supplemental dietary lipid for pre-smolt spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) over a period of 30 weeks. Triplicate groups of 320 fry (∼ 0.80 g), reared in flow-through well water (8-11.5 °C), were fed one of four steam-pelleted dry diets with equivalent gross energy (24.3 MJ/kg), protein (∼ 51.3%) and lipid (∼ 21.6%) content on a dry-weight basis. CO furnished either 0%, 33%, 67%, or 100% of the supplemental dietary lipid, with the remainder from a commercial blend of 1:1 anchovy oil and poultry fat (APF). Thus, CO comprised either 0% (dAPF), 25% (CO25), 49% (CO49), or 72% (CO72) of total dietary lipid content. Overall fish growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, protein utilization, percent survival, and terminal whole body proximate constituents were unaffected by diet treatment. Dietary lipid compositions reflected the ratios of CO and APF in the supplemental lipid and their respective fatty acid compositions. Whole body fatty acid compositions mirrored those of diet treatments. However, some essential fatty acids, namely, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6; AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA) were conserved in fish regardless of dietary CO level. Direct relationships were found between dietary and whole body concentrations of: 18:2n-6 (R² = 0.94; slope = 0.72), 18:3n-3 (R² = 0.99; slope = 0.58), 20:4n-6 (R² = 0.84; slope = 0.42), 20:5n-3 (R² = 0.99; slope = 0.43) and 22:6n-3 (R² = 0.82; slope = 1.25). High dietary levels of 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6, and 20:5n-3 may have been utilized for energy or converted to more unsaturated derivatives. Overall development of ionoregulatory ability, as assessed by 24-h seawater challenge tests, was unaffected by diet. However, whole body chloride content was generally inversely related to dietary CO level during early development. Our findings suggest that there is excellent potential for long-term replacement of fish oil with canola oil in the diet of pre-smolt spring chinook salmon, provided that some marine oil is present to ensure that the essential fatty acid needs of the fish are met.     

Lowest effective and optimum poultry manure dose for reclaiming burnt soils: pot experiments

 Poultry manure (PM) efficacy to improve burnt soil revegetation was evaluated to determine the lowest effective and the optimum dose for burnt soil reclamation. A ¹⁵N-labelled forest soil (LS) was used to set up six treatments: LS, laboratory burnt LS (BLS) and BLS with PM dose equivalent to 1 (BLS+PM1), 2 (BLS+PM2), 4 (BLS+PM4) and 8 Mg dry PM ha^–1 (BLS+PM8). Ryegrass was sown in all treatments and grown for 3 months in a greenhouse. At harvesting, in the BLS treatment: (1) ryegrass yield was very low and the shoot:root ratio was high; (2) ryegrass-N content was closer to that of metabolic tissues or young plants than to structural tissues or mature plants; (3) most of the available endogenous N still remained in the soil inorganic N pool. These results suggested that, although seed germinated normally, ryegrass growth was stopped at an early developmental stage, producing small and weak plants unable to protect the burnt soil against erosion and to exploit the post-fire pulse of available N which, consequently, could be lost. The addition of PM to BLS increased the ryegrass yield from the lowest dose (BLS≈LS<BLS+PM1< BLS+PM2<BLS+PM4<BLS+PM8;P<0.05), the increase of the phytomass yield per Mg of added PM varying as follows: PM8<PM1≤PM4<PM2. The uptake of soil-available N by the ryegrass was greatly enhanced in all manured treatments, but the contribution of PM-N to plant nutrition was only significant in BLS+PM4 and BLS+PM8 treatments. The lowest effective PM dose was PM1 and the optimum cost-to-benefit ratio treatments were PM2 and PM4. Received: 31 January 2000