Phenotypic plasticity of two invasive alien plant species inside a deciduous forest in a strict nature reserve in Italy

ABSTRACT

Invasive alien plant species (IAPs) represent one of the main biological threats to biodiversity worldwide. Information about their phenotypic plasticity are needed to increase awareness about their future invasive potential. A study about phenotypic plasticity in response to contrasting light regimes and its quantification by a plasticity index (PI) of two IAPs (Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia) inside a Strict Nature Reserve was conducted. R. pseudoacacia showed a 70% higher PI, with a strongly greater value at morphological leaf level, associated with a greater ability to survive and grow in forest understory, explaining its greater widespread. Otherwise, A. altissima showed its highest PI at physiological level, which was associated with the ability to colonize and grow in environments with high-light regimes. Based on these results, the conservative management has limited the presence of A. altissima by its lower ability to grow in forest understory. In fact, the small-scale gaps in the forest infrastructure, that could allow its recruitment, are originated only from the death of a single tree or small group of trees. Regarding R. pseudoacacia, it is critical to maintain this type of management because any disturbances resulting in large openings could further promote its presence inside the Reserve.     

土壤氮素内循环对生态覆被变化响应的研究进展

随着人口增长对粮食需求的不断提高,人类对自然生态系统扰动频繁,生态覆被/土地利用变化伴随着土壤活性氮库、氮形态组分及氮素内循环过程的改变,直接影响生态系统的持续与稳定,进而引起全球气候变暖,生物多样性减少等诸多生态环境问题。生态覆被/土地利用变化是全球生态系统变化的重要内容。本综述探讨了活性氮的基本概念及其引发的环境效应,国内外自然生态系统中森林与草地间转换、自然生态系统开垦为农田、弃耕撂荒或退耕还林还草、城市化发展等生态覆被/土地利用变化对土壤氮库消长、氮矿化产物形态变化以及影响氮循环的关键土壤微生物影响等,并探讨了制约氮循环的土壤微生物研究进展。指出农业开垦或农田弃耕撂荒会导致土壤全氮大幅度下降,同时引起土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)增加,造成环境活性氮增加的风险;退耕还林修复生态覆被过程中氮库完全恢复需要漫长的时间;运用现代微生物分子生态学的前沿技术是研究土壤氮循环对生态覆被/土地利用变化响应机理的关键。本综述为自然生态系统的保护与开发利用、退化生态系统的修复与重建以及人工生态系统的科学规划等提供了理论依据。     

两个氮素利用率不同的水稻品种根系形态及生理特性的差异

The variation in nitrogen (N) uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low (1 mmol N L^-1) and high (5 mmol N L^-1) N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-61% greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.     

Impact of land-use types on soil nitrogen net mineralization in the sandstorm and water source area of Beijing,China

Changes of land-use type (LUT) can affect soil nutrient pools and cycling processes that relate long-term sustainability of ecosystem, and can also affect atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and global warming through soil respiration. We conducted a comparative study to determine NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ concentrations in soil profiles (0–200 cm) and examined the net nitrogen (N) mineralization and net nitrification in soil surface (0–20 cm) of adjacent naturally regenerated secondary forests (NSF), man-made forests (MMF), grasslands and cropland soils from the windy arid and semi-arid Hebei plateau, the sandstorm and water source area of Beijing, China. Cropland and grassland soils showed significantly higher inorganic N concentrations than forest soils. NO₃⁻-N accounted for 50–90% of inorganic N in cropland and grassland soils, while NH₄⁺-N was the main form of inorganic N in NSF and MMF soils. Average net N-mineralization rates (mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹) were much higher in native ecosystems (1.51 for NSF soils and 1.24 for grassland soils) than in human disturbed LUT (0.15 for cropland soils and 0.85 for MMF soils). Net ammonification was low in all the LUT while net nitrification was the major process of net N mineralization. For more insight in urea transformation, the increase in NH₄⁺ and, NO₃⁻ concentrations as well as C mineralization after urea addition was analyzed on whole soils. Urea application stimulated the net soil C mineralization and urea transformation pattern was consistent with net soil N mineralization, except that the rate was slightly slower. Land-use conversion from NSF to MMF, or from grassland to cropland decreased soil net N mineralization, but increased net nitrification after 40 years or 70 years, respectively. The observed higher rates of net nitrification suggested that land-use conversions in the Hebei plateau might lead to N losses in the form of nitrate.     

基于PenmanMonteith模型的林木日蒸腾模拟

忽略大气层结,考虑气压订正,用冠层整体气孔阻力(rst)代换冠层阻力(rc),蒸散面的净辐射值(Rn)采用冠层截留净辐射(Rnl),便可在叶面积指数(LAI)、林木单叶平均气孔阻力(rsi)和气象要素实测数据的基础上,应用修正后的PenmanMonteith模型进行林木蒸腾量的模拟。本研究通过对Rn、LAI、rsi的实地观测,确定了林冠截流净辐射(Rnl)、消光系数(k)、冠层阻力转换系数(K')、空气动力学阻力(ra)和冠层整体气孔阻力(rst),对青海大通地区紫果云杉(Picea purpurea)、华北落叶松(Larix principisrupprechtii)、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)、白桦(Betula platyphylla)和青杨(Populus cathayana)的日蒸腾过程进行了模拟,与用快速称重法订正的Li1600稳态气孔仪实测蒸腾结果对比,模拟的相对误差在±15%以内;模型敏感性分析发现,温度、LAI以及rsi是决定模拟结果的主要参数,模型对各参数变化反应不敏感。西北林学院学报21卷第3期刘胜等基于PenmanMonteith模型的林木日蒸腾模拟     

N·K营养与N·K平衡对烤烟野火病发生的影响

研究了云南中部地区烤烟中部叶片旺长后期(移栽后70～75 d)N、K营养及N、K平衡对田间烤烟野火病发生的影响.结果表明:N含量高时(N＞4%),病害发生严重,但发病严重程度取决于K的含量,K素过高和过低都增加了烤烟的感病率;K含量过低(K＜2%),会降低烤烟的抗病性;烟叶N/K比失调,会影响烟株的生长发育,使烤烟对病害的抵抗能力降低.     

立方尖晶石C3N4硬度的理论研究

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理,在广义梯度近似和局域密度近似下,计算了立方尖晶石C3N4的体变模量,切变模量和维氏硬度。结果表明：维氏硬度相对于体变模量和切变模量能更好地描述立方尖晶石C3N4的硬度,C3N4的维氏硬度约为72GPa,且有较高的电子密度,较短的键长和较大的共价性。     

林下人参叶片光合作用日变化的研究

测定了自然林下人参叶片的光合有效辐射与净光合速率的目变化,并在人为控制叶室的条件下,测定了林下参叶片的光饱和点和光补偿点.结果表明:林内的光照强度是限制林下参生长的主要因子.在强光和匀光处,林下参叶片的光合有效辐射(PAR)和净光合速率(Pn)的日变化表现为早晚低、中午高的规律性,并且,在此条件下两者的变化呈极显著正相关,强光下相关性决定系数为0.942 3,匀光下相关性决定系数为0.903 4;在弱光处,两者的变化具有不规律性,相关性决定系数仅为0.480 2.林下的气温(Ta)、叶温(Tl)和相对湿度(RH)的变化较小,Ta一般为23.7-25.8℃,11一般比Ta高1℃;RH约为80%(早晚高、中午低);林下参叶片的蒸腾速率(Tr)为0～0.4 mmol/(m2·s),气孔导度(Gs)为0～85 mmol(m2·s),两者的变化呈极显著正相关,相关性决定系数为O.970 5.林下参叶片的光饱和点为80～150 μmol/(m2·s),光补偿点为3～6μmol/(m2·s).     

浅谈计算机网络入侵检测

本文介绍了计算机网络入侵检测的概念和入侵检测的步骤,重点分析了入侵检测的分类、入侵检测技术及存在的主要问题,最后介绍了入侵检测的发展方向.     

Effects of Nitrogen Forms on Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation in Tomato Seedling

Utilization of organic nitrogen （N） is an important aspect of plant N assimilation and has potential application in sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the plant growth, C and N accumulation in leaves and roots of tomato seedlings in response to inorganic （NH4^＋-N, NO3^-N） and organic nitrogen （Gly-N）. Different forms of nitrogen （NH4^＋-N, NO3^--N, Gly-N） were supplied to two tomato cultivars （Shenfen 918 and Huying 932） using a hydroponics system. The plant dry biomass, chlorophyll content, root activity, total carbon and nitrogen content in roots and leaves, and total N absorption, etc. were assayed during the cultivation. Our results showed that no significant differences in plant height, dry biomass, and total N content were found within the first 16 d among three treatments; however, significant differences in treatments on 24 d and 32 d were observed, and the order was NO3^--N 〉 Gly-N 〉 NH4^＋-N. Significant differences were also observed between the two tomato cultivars. Chlorophyll contents in the two cultivars were significantly increased by the Gly-N treatment, and root activity showed a significant decrease in NHa^＋-N treatment. Tomato leaf total carbon content was slightly affected by different N forms; however, total carbon in root and total nitrogen in root and leaf were promoted significantly by inorganic and organic N. Among the applied N forms, the increasing effects of the NH4^＋-N treatment were larger than that of the Gly-N. In a word, different N resources resulted in different physiological effects in tomatoes. Organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） can be a proper resource of plant N nutrition. Tomatoes of different genotypes had different responses under organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） supplies.