Increasing selenium supply during the close-up dry period improves nutrient metabolism and attenuates inflammatory response after calving in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to investigate whether feeding selenium (Se)-replete cows a Se-yeast supplement in late pregnancy affects nutrient metabolism and inflammatory response during the periparturient period. Twenty cows were randomly assigned to two groups with 10 cows each. Cows in one group received Se-yeast at 0.3 mg Se/kg DM during the last 4 weeks before calving in addition to fed a TMR containing supplemented sodium selenite at 0.3 mg Se/kg DM (Se-yeast), while cows in another group were only fed a TMR containing supplemented sodium selenite at 0.3 mg Se/kg DM (Control). Blood samples were collected and analyzed for nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), and albumin. In control cows, plasma NEFA, IL-1β, IL-6, SAA, and Hp levels increased after calving, but glucose, insulin, and albumin levels decreased after parturition. Se-yeast supplemental cows had lower postpartum concentrations of NEFA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, SAA, and Hp, and higher postpartum levels of glucose, insulin, and albumin compared with control cows. The results indicate that feeding Se-replete cows a Se-yeast supplement in late pregnancy improves nutrient metabolism and attenuates the inflammatory response after calving.     

典型草原恢复演替过程中土壤微生物及酶活性动态变化研究

选取不同围封年限的生长季围封恢复草地为研究对象,开展典型草原恢复演替过程中土壤微生物及酶活性动态变化的研究,探讨土壤微生物及酶活性与草地植被及土壤养分的相关性.结果表明:与自由放牧草地相比,围封7年、10年、13年和20年的草地,其土壤0～30 cm土层细菌、放线菌和真菌数量显著增加,土壤转化酶、脲酶、蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶活性增强,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量显著增加(P＜0.05),且随围封年限的延长呈增加的变化趋势.典型草原恢复演替过程中土壤微生物及酶活性与草地植被及土壤养分呈基本一致的变化规律,三者成密切的正相关关系.     

围产期奶牛氧化应激初步预警体系的建立

旨在通过对围产期奶牛能量负平衡指标与其他血液生化指标的分析,初步建立围产期奶牛氧化应激的预警体系。本试验以能量负平衡为判定标准,BHBA>1.2 mmoI/L,NEFA>0.4 mmoI/L,GLU<3 mmoI/L为发病组,BHBA<1.2 mmoI/L,NEFA<0.4 mmoI/L,GLU>3 mmoI/L为健康对照组,各采集围产期发病组和对照组各25头奶牛的血液并对血中能量代谢、矿物质代谢、微量元素代谢、氧化应激、免疫抑制指标进行独立样本T检验和spearman相关分析,并利用logistic二元逻辑回归预测疾病,最后利用ROC分析确立分界值和诊断效果。结果显示:发病组奶牛血液中的Ca、GSH-Px、CAT、Ve、Mg、Se、Cu水平小于健康组;发病组奶牛血液中的IL-1、IL-6、CRP、IL-2、HP、TNF-α的水平高于健康组,表明能量负平衡的奶牛机体存在氧化应激并伴有炎症和矿物质代谢紊乱。奶牛血液中的Ca、Mg、GSH-Px、CAT、Cu、Se、Ve与BHBA呈显著的负相关,IL-1、IL-2、IL-6、HP、TNF-α与BHBA呈显著的正相关;奶牛血液中的Ca、Mg、GSH-Px、CAT、Ve、Cu与NEFA呈显著的负相关,IL-2、HP、TNF-α与NEFA呈显著的正相关;奶牛血液中的Ca、GSH-Px与GLU呈显著的正相关,IL-6、HP与GLU呈显著的负相关。经回归分析确定Ca、Mg、GSH-Px、CAT、Cu、Se、Ve、IL-1、IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α、HP、BHBA 13项指标与围产期泌乳奶牛氧化应激相关,经ROC分析确立GSH-Px、CAT、Se、IL-6、IL-2、TNF-α、BHBA 7项指标可作为氧化应激发生的预警指标。结果表明,因此,能量负平衡、VE、Se缺乏、炎性因子增多和矿物质代谢紊乱是奶牛产后氧化应激发生的风险因素,但VE和Ca未成为氧化应激的预警指标。初步证实了围产期奶牛氧化应激发生的预警指标,为今后更有效的监控和预防奠定理论基础。     

育成期雄性幼貉日粮适宜蛋白质和能量水平的研究

选用健康乌苏里幼公貉63只,随机分为7组(每组9只)。1～4组用以探讨适宜蛋白质水平,其蛋白质水平分别为31.54%、36.39%,40.37%和43.53%;5-7组用以探讨适宜能量水平,其能量水平分别为19589.78,21860.94和22600.04k J/kg。试验分育成前期和冬毛生长期两个阶段进行,饲喂同一营养水平的日粮。结果表明,育成前期饲喂蛋白质水平为36.39%的日粮,可获得理想的体重、体长及经济效益。 冬毛生长期,日粮蛋白质水平在31.54%～43.53%范围内,对幼貉的体重和体长无显著影响。育成期以饲喂能量水平为21860.94～22600.04 k J/kg的日粮为宜。育成前期适宜的蛋能比为16.1～16.6,冬毛生长期为14.0～14.4。     

B9对假俭草抗寒性和绿期的影响

用不同浓度比久(B9)(0、1、3、57、g/L)对盆栽假俭草品系E-126进行喷施处理,研究其对假俭草抗寒性和绿期的影响。结果表明,在低温条件下,B9处理的假俭草与对照相比,可溶性糖、脯胺酸含量升高,电导率降低,喷施低浓度的B9可以提高假俭草叶绿素含量,降低叶绿素分解,从而提高其抗寒性。其中效果最好的处理为喷施1 g/L B9,可延长假俭草绿期4-5 d。     

Cloning and expression analysis of PRL and PRLR genes in black Muscovy duck

ABSTRACT

1. Prolactin hormone (governed by the PRL gene) is secreted by the anterior pituitary of animals, which combines with its receptor (prolactin receptor, PRLR) to act on target cells. Both PRL and PRLR are mainly associated with reproductive performance. The genetic mechanism of nesting in poultry is not yet clear, and so the aim of the current study was to determine expression patterns of PRL and PRLR at different times across the breeding stages of black Muscovy ducks.

2. In this study, the CDS regions of PRL and PRLR were determined by RACE sequencing. The expression levels of PRL and PRLR in the pituitary, ovary and uterus from the black Muscovy duck were compared and analysed during the pre-laying, laying and nesting periods.

3. The results showed that PRL and PRLR are highly homologous in a variety of poultry species. The expression of the PRL gene in the pituitary was the highest, which was significantly higher than seen in the ovary and uterus. This trend ran through the entire prenatal period, i.e. the laying period and the nesting period. The expression level of the PRLR gene in the pituitary and ovary was generally low, and expression in the uterus was the highest. There was no significant difference in expression of the PRLR gene between pituitary and ovary during different periods, but the expression level of the PRLR gene in the uterus reached its highest level during the nesting stage, which was significantly higher than seen in the early laying period.     

四季鹅产蛋前后腺垂体远侧部细胞的超微结构比较

对处于产蛋、停产和产前等不同时期的四季鹅腺垂体远侧部分泌促激素的６类细胞,即促生长激素细胞（α细胞）、催乳激素细胞（η细胞）、促卵泡形成激素细胞（β细胞）、促黄体生成激素细胞（γ细胞）、促甲状腺激素细胞（δ细胞）及嫌色细胞等的超微结构作了比较观察。结果表明,产蛋期嗜碱性β、γ和δ细胞呈旺盛的细胞结构象,细胞器结构发达,腺体功能活跃;停产期特征是η细胞稍增多,细胞器少,腺体功能处于相对静止;产前期仅α细胞功能活跃,嫌色细胞数量较多,此时腺体功能低下。     

Green tea polyphenols supplementation alters immunometabolism and oxidative stress in dairy cows with hyperketonemia

Peripartal cows often experience negative energy balance, and are therefore prone to suffering from metabolic diseases such as hyperketonemia, which causes financial losses in dairy farms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea polyphenol (GTP) supplementation during the periparturient period on production performance, oxidative stress and immunometabolism in dairy cows with hyperketonemia. One hundred Holstein cows were assigned to GTP (0.2 g/kg DM; n = 50) or control (without GTP; n = 50) group based on body weight, previous milk yield, and parity on d 15 before expected parturition. Subsequently, 10 cows with hyperketonemia were selected from each group, according to blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentration between 1.2 and 2.9 mmol/L from 2 to 3 d postpartum. All cows were fed a close-up diet and a lactation diet with or without GTP supply from 15 d prepartum until 30 d postpartum. Milk and blood samples were obtained from 20 cows selected with hyperketonemia on 10, 20, and 30 d postpartum. Compared with control cows, greater milk yield and lower somatic cell count were observed in GTP cows. The GTP group had lower concentrations of BHBA, free fatty acids, cholesterol, triglyceride, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide, greater concentrations of glucose, lower activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glutamyl transpeptidase, alongside greater activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity. Additionally, GTP supplementation up-regulated concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, but down-regulated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, interleukin-8, and interferon-γ in plasma. Greater concentrations of plasma immunoglobulin G were also detected in the GTP group. Overall, the data suggested that GTP supplementation from 15 d prepartum to 30 d postpartum improved the milk yield and health status in cows with hyperketonemia during early lactation.     

Milk compositional changes of Laoshan goat milk from partum up to 261 days postpartum

Despite the global increasing demand for goat milk, no data exist on the nutrient potential of Laoshan goat milk and limited information exists on its composition according to lactation period. In this study, the measured indicators, including dry matter, protein, immunoglobulin, lactoferrin, fat, ash, lactose, calcium, titratable acidity and pH from partum to 261 days postpartum of Laoshan goat milk, followed the same law of change. There was a significant difference over the first 5 days postpartum, after which no significant difference was observed until days 225 postpartum. However, days 255 postpartum was like a turning point, after which their values showed either an increasing or decreasing trend. We concluded that the colostrum for Laoshan dairy goat was considered from days 1 to 5 postpartum and after 5 days it was as transitioned to milk when all measured parameters were according to the normal ranges as described in this study. This work provided updated information on the current nutritive characteristics of Laoshan goat milk, which may be of importance in the fields of milk production, food technology, and nutritional mutual replenishment.     

不同能量和蛋白质水平日粮对妊娠期湘东黑山羊血液生化指标的影响

为研究不同能量和蛋白质水平日粮对妊娠期湘东黑山羊血液生化指标的影响,选取中等体况(30 kg±4 kg)的湘东黑山羊120只进行同期配种,再从怀孕母羊中挑选100只分为10组,每组10只,根据母羊妊娠生理阶段,将其分为妊娠前期(前90 d)和妊娠后期(后60 d)两个阶段进行饲喂试验,以能量和蛋白质作为因子,蛋白水平设A、B、C、D、E五个组,梯度为10 g;能量水平设V、W、X、Y、Z五个组,梯度为0.5 MJ。结果表明:日粮不同能量水平对妊娠母羊血糖、胰岛素和甘油三酯含量均有明显影响;日粮不同蛋白质水平对妊娠母羊血清尿素氮和总蛋白均有明显影响。