AFLP analysis of Russian <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alternaria tenuissima</Emphasis> populations from wheat kernels and other hosts

Alternaria tenuissima is a common pathogen on a number of plants described in several geographic regions of the world. Genetic variation within and between Russian Far East, North West and Caucasus populations of A. tenuissima from wheat was examined. In addition, genetic differences between isolates from various hosts were estimated. In total, 101 isolates of A. tenuissima were studied using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) with four primer combinations. Wright’s fixation index (F _st), gene flow (N _m) and gene diversity (H _s) were calculated. AFLP banding patterns indicated significant genetic distance and at the same time a low level of gene flow between the Far East and the two other groups of isolates originating from the European part of country. The degree of similarity between the North West and Caucasus populations was very high, as was the migration rate. Isolates analysed by UPGMA-based cluster analysis were grouped according to location of origin but irrespective of plant host. Based on the F _st value, the group of isolates originating from wheat and barley were not found to differ significantly from each other.     

Density estimates of rural dog populations and an assessment of marking methods during a rabies vaccination campaign in the Philippines

We estimated the population density of dogs by distance sampling and assessed the potential utility of two marking methods for capture-mark-recapture applications following a mass canine rabies-vaccination campaign in Sorsogon Province, the Republic of the Philippines. Thirty villages selected to assess vaccine coverage and for dog surveys were visited 1 to 11 days after the vaccinating team. Measurements of the distance of dogs or groups of dogs from transect lines were obtained in 1088 instances (N = 1278 dogs; mean group SIZE = 1.2). Various functions modelling the probability of detection were fitted to a truncated distribution of distances of dogs from transect lines. A hazard rate model provided the best fit and an overall estimate of dog-population density of 468/km² (95% confidence interval, 359 to 611). At vaccination, most dogs were marked with either a paint stick or a black plastic collar. Overall, 34.8% of 2167 and 28.5% of 2115 dogs could be accurately identified as wearing a collar or showing a paint mark; 49.1% of the dogs had either mark. Increasing time interval between vaccination-team visit and dog survey and increasing distance from transect line were inversely associated with the probability of observing a paint mark. Probability of observing a collar was positively associated with increasing estimated density of the dog population in a given village and with animals not associated with a house. The data indicate that distance sampling is a relatively simple and adaptable method for estimating dog-population density and is not prone to problems associated with meeting some model assumptions inherent to mark-recapture estimators.     

144份甜玉米群体的遗传多样性分析

利用SSR技术对来源于144份甜玉米群体的40个位点进行了分析,共检测出343个等位变异,每对引物检测出4~17个等位变异,平均8.58个。40个位点的多态性信息量PIC值变化范围在0.46~0.90,平均0.76/位点。标记索引指数MI变化范围在2.30~15.19,平均6.80/位点。在33个位点共检测到稀有等位变异70个,在15个位点共检测到特有等位变异16个。在144份材料中,117份材料有稀有等位变异,其中1份材料有8个稀有等位变异;14份材料有特有等位变异,2份材料有2个特有等位变异。聚类分析可初步将144份甜玉米群体划为7个类群,其中最大的Ⅰ群包括89份,第Ⅱ群包括35份。从研究结果得出群体材料的利用价值,对新的群体的合成及杂优模式的建立进行了探讨,为育种者提供新的思路和方法。     

杉木幼林抚育技术的综合评价和决策

本文在全面分析不同抚育技术对杉木生长、群体结构、林地植被物种多样性、生物量、水土流失和抚育成本的影响基础上，运用灰色局势决策理论对不同抚育技术进行多目标决策，结果表明：块状抚育和全垦抚育可提高杉木的保存率，并促进杉木幼林的生长；抚育技术对杉木群体树高和地径结构有一定的影响，尤其是对地径结构；全垦抚育的成本最大，不抚育最小，块状抚育居中；块状抚育有利于形成多层次的林分结构和林地植被物种多样性的提高。综合评价结果表明块状抚育是南方林区较好的杉木幼林抚育方式，它既能有效地减少林地植被对杉木的竞争，保持杉木的正常生长，又能降低抚育成本和保持地力及物种多样性。这对今后指导杉木幼林抚育具有重要的实践意义。     

野生金头闭壳龟的资源现状调查

笔者于2001-2004年对金头闭壳龟(Cuoraaurocapitata)的野生种群的分布、数量及相关生态学进行了专项调查。结果表明,金头闭壳龟目前仅分布于青弋江源头和上游即北纬30°-30°52′的少数支流中,具体为安徽省泾县的古坝、蔡村和孤峰三地的山涧溪流以及黟县红星乡的清溪河流域。野外种群数量十分稀少,目前已不足400只。金头闭壳龟主要栖息在水质清澈、两侧植被茂密或一侧山脚多石缝的山涧溪流中。经对曾经发现过金头闭壳龟典型地带的各种生态指标的测量表明,泾县古坝乡沈村上沈村段的古坝河段的以及蔡村乡的东园至爱民段的丁溪河段,相比而言仍不失为金头闭壳龟较为理想的栖息地。     

内蒙古贺兰山马鹿的种群数量及种群结构

为了掌握内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内马鹿(Cervus elaphus)的种群数量和种群结构,维护内蒙古贺兰山的生态平衡。于2017年11—12月,2018年4—6月、11—12月,2019年4—6月,在内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内,利用样线法对保护区内的马鹿进行调查,采用Distance R进行数据分析,估测种群数量和种群密度,并对种群结构进行探讨。研究发现,马鹿在2018年冬季种群数量最高约为2452(1678—3578)只,种群密度为3.705(2.539—5.048)只/km²,遇见率为1.943只/km。遇见率年际间变化不明显(F=0.12,P=0.986);混合群出现的次数最高,雄性群出现的次数最低,不同集群类型在不同季节的差异极显著(P<0.001);群大小在不同季节的差异不显著(P=0.132);雌雄比在不同季节中没有太大变化。     

玉米秸秆还田与氮肥配施对冬小麦群体动态及产量的影响

以新麦26为试材,采用3年定点大田试验研究玉米秸秆还田与氮肥、秸秆腐蚀剂及精制鸡粪配施对冬小麦群体、产量结构及产量的影响。结果表明:在玉米秸秆全部还田情况下,冬小麦群体有随着施氮量的增加而增多的趋势;千粒重变化不明显;穗粒数和产量的变化相一致,随着施氮量的增加而提高,但在666.7m2施纯N13 kg+精制鸡粪100 kg和施纯N13 kg+腐蚀剂150 g处理情况下,其产量和千粒重与分别单施纯N 16、19 kg的处理相近。综合考虑生产成本,试验地区666.7m2宜施纯N 13 kg+腐蚀剂150 g。     

耕作方式和施氮量对稻茬小麦产量构成和群体质量的影响

以苏麦188为材料,在水稻秸秆全量还田条件下研究板茬、旋耕、耕翻等耕作方式和施氮量210kg/hm2、240 kg/hm2、270 kg/hm2对小麦群体质量和产量及其结构的影响,为稻茬小麦大面积机械化栽培提供参考。结果表明：板茬方式产量显著高于旋耕和耕翻;随施氮量增加,产量逐渐提高。产量在不同耕作方式与施氮量间存在显著的互作效应。相比其他耕作方式,板茬方式每穗粒数和千粒重较高;群体茎蘖数多,但分蘖成穗率不高、源库协调水平偏低,花后具有较高的光合生产能力。随施氮量增加,穗数和每穗粒数、群体茎蘖数和分蘖成穗率、花后光合生产能力以及源库协调性均呈提高趋势。说明,通过合理增施氮肥可以进一步改善板茬方式下小麦群体质量,协同提升产量构成因素,实现增产。本试验条件下采用板茬方式配以施氮量270 kg/hm2或240 kg/hm2处理产量最高。     

转基因抗虫棉田棉盲蝽发生动态分析

为实现对棉盲蝽的科学高效防治,通过棉田定点调查、普查、棉田周边的杂草网捕等方法,研究了棉花不同发育时期江西转基因抗虫棉田棉盲蝽为害优势种及其迁入、迁出棉田的时间,越冬主要寄主等。结果显示:绿盲蝽为棉花苗床期至蕾期的发生优势种,在棉大田呈双峰型曲线动态发生;蕾期至花铃期及吐絮期至收花结束以杂毛合垫盲蝽为优势种,在棉大田呈多峰多谷型曲线动态发生;花铃期,中黑盲蝽(含苜蓿盲蝽)为优势种群,在棉大田呈单峰型曲线动态发生;棉盲蝽混合种群在棉花大田呈一大一小二峰型曲线动态发生。9月份吐絮期,同时伴有烟盲蝽、赣棉淡盲蝽发生;此时中黑盲蝽、绿盲蝽陆续迁出棉田。棉田周边杂草上除发生上述6种棉盲蝽外,还有异须单突盲蝽、黑肩绿盲蝽、赤须盲蝽发生,其中赣棉淡盲蝽杂草上发生量最大。     

论青海高寒草甸草地啮齿动物的种群类型及危害损失

根据青海省草原保护工作者多年的调查研究资料,论述了高寒草甸草地啮齿动物的种群类型,并从采食牧草、挖掘活动、环境污染等多方面论述了鼠形动物惊人的危害损失。