农村女性人口素质与未来人口素质的关系

妇女是人口再生产的主要承担者,当前我国城乡妇女生育状况表明,农村母亲对人口再生产的作用明显增强,城市母亲对人口再生产作用下降,而农村女性人口的素质状况堪忧.农村女性人口素质不仅关系到农村未来人口素质,而且关系到整个国家未来人口素质,提高农村女性人口素质十分迫切.提出目前提高农村女性人口素质的重点是:提高农村女性人口的文化水平,提高农村妇女家庭教育能力,引导农村妇女学习市场经济知识,确立与时代发展相适应的思想观念,提高农业科技水平.提高农村女性人口素质的途径是:政府、群团组织、事业单位各自发挥应有的作用;充分发挥各种媒体的作用,特别是发挥电视、网络、图书和报刊的作用.     

利用随机扩增多态DNA技术对江西地方黑猪群体遗传关系的初步研究

对奉新黑猪、星子黑猪、南城黑猪、资溪黑猪、玉山黑猪、铅山黑猪等 6个江西地方黑猪类群基因组混合DNA进行了RAPD分析。根据 1 6个多态引物的扩增结果计算了遗传距离指数并进行了UPMGA聚类分析。结果表明 :玉山黑猪和铅山黑猪亲缘关系最近 ,而南城黑猪与铅山黑猪的遗传距离最远。综合考虑现行的分类结果及前人研究结果 ,认为玉山黑猪和铅山黑猪 ,星子黑猪和奉新黑猪可分别划分为同一猪种 ,但对南城黑猪的品种归属性应作进一步分析     

区域城市化战略格局下的人口再分布研究——以江西省为例

以江西省为研究区域,在人口增长和现状分析的基础上,采用了数理统计和空间分析等方法,研究了城市化发展战略对人口再分布的影响。结果显示:江西省城市化水平的区域发展不平衡,空间差异明显,赣北人口多而密,赣南人口少而稀,区域经济发展差异明显,人口发展、流动、分布特征与城市发展格局之间的矛盾突出。鉴于此,提出了人口合理再分布的对策建议。     

基于COI基因的入侵物种旧金山卤虫遗传多样性与遗传分化研究

伴随着中国水产养殖业的快速发展,原产美国的旧金山卤虫(Artemia franciscana)被引入至我国渤海湾地区.为研究旧金山卤虫被引入中国后其基因组遗传多样性改变情况,本研究利用COI线粒体分子标记,评估旧金山卤虫在非原生栖息地,即唐山曹妃甸南堡镇(渤海湾,河北省)定殖的旧金山卤虫的遗传多样性现状.研究分析发现:...     

不同水分条件下玉米秸秆还田对小麦群体发育和干物质积累及产量的影响

为探究土壤水分与秸秆还田对小麦生长的交互作用,通过防雨棚微区控水试验,研究了不同土壤水分条件下玉米秸秆粉碎翻压还田对小麦群体数量、干物质积累、籽粒产量等的影响。结果表明,干旱条件下,小麦群体数量、叶面积指数、干物质积累量、成穗数和产量显著降低,最大根冠比出现时间推迟至开花期;与秸秆不还田(CK)相比,秸秆还田(RS)处理的群体最大茎数提高了8.5%,灌浆期根冠比增加12.26%,但生育后期的叶面积指数显著降低,穗数、千粒重、产量和收获指数也分别下降5.10%、3.17%、15.46%和8.39%;轻旱和适宜水分条件下,根冠比在拔节期达到最大值,RS处理的群体最大茎数较CK增加12.04%~14.18%;拔节期根冠比显著增加,灌浆期则相反;RS处理的不孕小穗数减少了14.91%~18.98%,穗粒数和产量则分别提高9.18%~26.30%及5.76%~6.96%。在轻旱或适宜水分条件下,秸秆还田可以改善小麦群体质量,协调植株地上部与根系的生长,最终提高籽粒产量;而土壤干旱时不宜进行秸秆还田。     

海洋江豚的研究概述

近年来随着国家政策的重视,人们环保意识的提高,针对珍稀濒危水生野生动物,尤其是鲸类动物的保护工作受到越来越多的关注。截至目前,国内相关研究单位针对鲸类动物开展了大量研究,但研究对象主要局限在中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)和长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)。相比较而言,在我国分布范围更广的海洋江豚得到的研究和保护远远不够,亟需开展系统深入的研究工作。鉴于此,本文对江豚的记载、分类和海洋江豚的研究进行了回顾,重点总结了海洋江豚的生态学、生物学、遗传学、声学以及摄食和繁殖等方面的研究进展,对今后的研究和保护重点提出了建议,包括注重基础研究、强化保护区建设、注重保护技术研发和加强宣传教育,以期对未来的工作提供借鉴。     

Ecologically and evolutionarily sustainable fishing of the pikeperch Sander lucioperca: Lake Oulujärvi as an example

Due to the multitude of participants and a diverse range of fishing gear used freshwater fisheries are often managed using minimum size limits (MSL) rather than regulations of total fishing effort. However, a concern has arisen whether attempts to improve ecological sustainability of fisheries by increasing MSLs would induce undesired adaptations to selective fishing. We examined the ecological and evolutionary impacts of varying fishing mortality rates under varying MSLs, with and without stockings, in an age-, size-, and maturity-structured evolutionary model which was parameterized for the Lake Oulujärvi pikeperch, Sander lucioperca. We found that at the current level of harvesting (fishing mortality rate, F = 0.7) and stockings (430 000 year⁻¹), and under the assumption of strongly density-dependent growth, the nation-wide MSL of 370 mm maximizes theoretical biomass yield in a deterministic model but does not prevent severe recruitment overfishing under further increased fishing pressures or stochasticity in recruitment success. The recently imposed, local MSL of 450 mm better ensures stable yields, and even increases them if individual growth is density-independent, but further increase of MSL to 500 mm would already reduce yield especially if there was discard mortality for undersized fish. Given density-dependent growth, equal survival between wild and stocked fish, and sustainable fishing mortality rate, stockings do not increase yield or significantly improve the stability of yields. Evolutionarily stable size at maturation decreases under strong fishing mortality, but increased MSLs reduce the magnitude of this undesired effect. Negatively size-dependent natural mortality was found to have a positive effect on the otherwise negative selection for length-at-age. Increased MSLs also reduce the total selection for decreased length-at-age. Our results support the intentions to increase MSLs in order to improve both ecological and evolutionary sustainability of recreational fisheries.     

大青杨群体变异及其选择的研究

大青杨种内群体间变异十分丰富,为了选出最佳群体,直接用于造林,进行了全分布区群体选择的研究。本试验在大兴安岭地区对9个产体群体的大青杨做了生长、生根、抗寒、抗锈病的主要经济性状的测定,然后进行综合评定,选择出最佳群体。     

Rabies seroprevalence of street dogs from São Paulo City, Brazil

A sample of 602 street dogs captured by the São Paulo zoonosis-control municipal service was analyzed for the presence of serum antibodies against the rabies virus and compared to a control sample of 37 dogs from the kennel of the police of São Paulo. Data were stratified into 4 age intervals and the age from the street-dog sample was estimated by general aspects and dental observation according to standard techniques. We assumed that seropositivity was due to previous vaccination (no sub-clinical infection). From the prevalence data, we estimated the age-dependent incidence-density rate of vaccination by a simple mathematical model, which also allowed the estimation of the period of antibody protection given by the supposed vaccination. Crude seroprevalence in the street-dog sample was 16.5% and in the sample from the police-kennel dogs was 80%. The average age of first vaccination calculated for the street-dog sample was 5 years of age (if we assumed an average period of vaccine protection of 3 years) — but 5 months of age for the police-kennel sample.     

Responses in carcass lean pH at 24 hours post-mortem in lines of Large White pigs selected for growth rate on a fixed ration over a set time

A restricted maximum likelihood analysis applied to an animal model showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in pH value of the longissimus dorsi measured at 24 h post-mortem (pH24) between high and low lines of Large White pigs selected over 4 years for post-weaning growth rate on restricted feeding. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between pH24 and production and carcass traits were estimated using all performance testing records combined with the pH24 measurements (5.05–7.02) on slaughtered animals. The estimate of heritability for pH24 was moderate (0.29 ± 0.18). Genetic correlations between pH24 and production or carcass composition traits, except for ultrasonic backfat (UBF), were not significantly different from zero. UBF had a moderate, positive genetic correlation with pH24 (0.24 ± 0.33). These estimates of genetic correlations affirmed that selection for increased growth rate on restricted feeding is likely to result in limited changes in pH24 and pork quality since the selection does not put a high emphasis on reduced fatness.