Gas and short‐chain fatty acid production from feeds commonly fed to red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and incubated with rumen inoculum from red deer and sheep

Efficient red deer supplementary feeding depends on estimations of the nutritive value of offered feeds, frequently estimated with the use of equations derived from domestic ruminants. The aim of this study was to compare the 24‐hour in vitro true dry matter degradability (ivTD₂₄), in vitro gas production (GP) kinetic parameters, GP in 24 hr of incubation (GAS₂₄) and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) and microbial biomass (MBS) produced after 24‐hour incubation of feeds in inoculum prepared from sheep and red deer rumen fluid. Eleven feeds, frequently consumed by red deer in Slovenia, which occur either naturally (two fresh grasses, chestnut fruits and common and sessile oak acorns) or are fed as winter supplemental feeds (two grass hays, two grass silages, apple pomace, fresh sugar beetroot), were investigated. The in vitro GP kinetic parameters, GAS₂₄ and ivTD₂₄, did not differ between animal species. Amounts of SCFAs were greater (p < 0.05) when feeds were incubated in sheep inoculum, while molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids did not differ. Molar proportions of butyric acid produced during incubation of high fibre feeds did not differ between animal species, but were higher (p < 0.05) when feeds high in starch or sugar were incubated in red deer inoculum. Greater production of SCFA by sheep rumen microbes suggests better coverage of host animal with energy precursors, while greater production of MBS by red deer rumen microbes suggests better coverage of host animal with protein. Results also suggest that rumens of sheep and red deer are inhabited by different microbial communities, which did not affect the extent of in vitro GP and degradation of feeds used in the present experiment. However, the possibility exists that the divergent nutrient use could be a consequence of different priming by different feeds of the donor animal diets.     

新时代土壤化学前沿进展与展望

土壤化学是重要的土壤学基础分支学科。在回顾了土壤化学发展历程的基础上,梳理了土壤化学的四个前沿交叉方向,并展望了土壤化学与其他相关学科的交叉发展趋势,以期寻求新的学科增长点。土壤化学经历了从恒电荷到可变电荷土壤学说演变,我国在土壤电化学、根际土壤化学、土壤化学-物理-微生物界面反应等方向逐步领跑。新时代中国已经发展成为国际土壤化学的研究中心之一,尤其在土壤化学与微生物学、地球化学、矿物学、环境化学等交叉领域取得了突破性发展。同时,发展并运用同步辐射、微流控联用光谱能谱、高分辨显微镜、光谱电化学等实时、原位、高精度研究方法,推动土壤化学研究取得了长足的进步。新时代的土壤化学具有三个重要发展趋势,首先系统揭示地球表层系统中物质循环与能量交换的土壤化学机制,实现"0到1"的土壤化学原创性成果的突破;其次需要综合运用地球表层系统理论,从多界面、多要素、多过程的"三多"交互耦合;再次,需要加强与地球宜居性这一人类重大命题的交叉融合,为生态文明建设、土壤污染防治攻坚战、全球变化等国家重大需求提供理论支持。     

哲罗鱼AFLP技术体系建立的研究

以哲罗鱼为材料提取DNA,采用两组限制性内切酶组合酶切基因组,并对酶量、酶切时间、扩增时稀释倍数及镁离子的浓度进行优化,结果表明200 ngDNA用4 U的EcoRI和PstI在37℃酶切4 h后,再分别用4 U的Tru9I和TaqI在65℃酶切4 h后用3 U的T4连接酶连接3 h,进行预扩增,预扩增产物稀释100倍后选择扩增效果最佳,得到了清晰稳定的扩增图谱;并对两组酶切组合的扩增结果进行了比较,结果显示EcoRI、Tru9I酶切组合扩增的条带数要多于PstI、TaqI酶切组合扩增的条带数,但后者的多态性要高于前者。本研究为采用该技术对哲罗鱼基因组的研究提供了参考。     

Wax matters: absence of very‐long‐chain aldehydes from the leaf cuticular wax of the glossy11 mutant of maize compromises the prepenetration processes of Blumeria graminis

Conidial germination and differentiation, the so‐called prepenetration processes, of the barley powdery mildew fungus (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) are triggered in vitro by very‐long‐chain aldehydes, minor constituents of barley leaf wax. However, until now it has not been demonstrated that these cuticle‐derived molecules also play a significant role in the initiation and promotion of the fungal prepenetration processes in vivo, on the surface of a living plant leaf. In the maize (Zea mays) wax mutant glossy11, which is completely devoid of cuticular very‐long‐chain aldehydes, germination and appressorial differentiation of B. graminis were strongly impeded. Spraying the mutant leaf surface with aldehyde‐containing wild‐type wax or pure n‐hexacosanal (C₂₆‐aldehyde) fully restored fungal prepenetration, whereas maize wild‐type leaf surfaces coated with n‐docosanoic acid exhibited reduced conidial germination rates of 23%, and only 5% of the conidia differentiated infection structures. In vitro studies were performed to further corroborate the extensive prevention of fungal germination and differentiation in response to artificial surfaces coated with aldehyde‐deficient maize wax. Because of its phenotype affecting the B. graminis prepenetration processes, the glossy11 mutation of maize may become a valuable molecular target and genetic tool that could provide a means of developing basal powdery mildew resistance in the globally important crops wheat and barley.     

烟粉虱模式识别受体βGRPs的先天免疫应答

为探索烟粉虱的β-1,3-葡聚糖识别蛋白(BtβGRP)在烟粉虱先天免疫过程中的重要作用,对烟粉虱中鉴定的3个BtβGRPs基因编码的蛋白质进行结构分析,并与其它物种的23个同源蛋白进行系统进化分析,同时通过实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,q RT-PCR)检测分析球孢白僵菌侵染烟粉虱不同虫态不同时间点后BtβGRPs的时间表达模式。结果显示:经鉴定3个BtβGRPs蛋白序列均含有βGRP家族特有的保守性结构域,即糖苷水解酶活性结构域;且3个BtβGRPs独自聚在进化树的一支上,可能参与烟粉虱特有的级联路径;3个BtβGRPs基因在不同虫态和不同诱导时间点与对照相比,除BtβGRP3在卵期未表达外,均有上调表达趋势,但诱导程度不同;成虫诱导24~36 h后达到峰值,比卵和若虫稍晚,可能是由于烟粉虱成虫体表有白色蜡粉等物质,延迟了球孢白僵菌对虫体的侵染。研究表明3个BtβGRPs蛋白可能参与了烟粉虱对真菌侵染的免疫反应,有可能成为烟粉虱生防的新靶标。     

人心果AFLP反应体系的建立与优化

为给人心果分子生物学研究奠定基础,以人心果嫩叶为材料,采用改良CTAB法提取到高质量的总DNA,可用于AFLP实验分析。通过优化酶切—连接反应、预扩增和扩增反应过程中的关键因素,建立了适合人心果的AFLP实验体系和反应条件,得到了带型清晰、多态性丰富的AFLP指纹图谱。研究结果对人心果遗传多样性分析及其分子标记辅助育种具有重要意义。     

钝裂银莲花花色素成分及其稳定性

以黄色和浅黄色钝裂银莲花(Anemone obtusiloba)花瓣为研究材料,对其色素进行特征显色反应和紫外-可见光谱扫描分析,并对其色素的成分及其稳定性进行研究。结果显示,两种花色钝裂银莲花花瓣均含有叶绿素和类胡萝卜素,主要色素为黄酮类化合物(花色素苷、黄酮、黄酮醇和异黄酮),不含橙酮和二氢黄酮,其黄酮类化合物均表现为酚羟基结构,可能具有4-酮基、3-OH或4-酮基、5-OH结构的特征;pH值对花色素具有一定影响,避光保存花色苷的稳定性强于光照,Fe3+和Cu2+对花色素稳定性影响比较大。     

啮齿动物粪便类固醇的 分析方法及其意义

动物类固醇激素的代谢反应可以作为测定动物生殖生理状态的重要指标。传统的血液测定法在样品的采集过程中会使动物产生应激反应,影响测定结果的准确性,而粪便类固醇激素的测定避免了对动物的人为干扰,样品的采集简单易行,是一种非损伤性取样法,测定结果更加准确可靠。本文就近年来国内外有关对动物类固醇激素的研究报道进行了总结整理,系统地介绍了粪便类固醇激素测定中粪便样品的采集与保存方法、分析方法及其在啮齿动物研究中的重要意义,以期能为今后的研究提供参考借鉴。     

濒危植物沉水樟ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

为从分子水平上探讨濒危物种沉水樟种质资源的保护机制,以其基因组DNA为模版,开展ISSR-PCR反应体系的研究,对各反应因子水平、引物退火温度和循环参数进行优化,确定适于沉水樟ISSR-PCR反应的最佳体系：20μL反应体系中各反应物的最适含量为模板75ng、引物04μmol/L、dNTP 200μmol/L、Taq酶1.25U、Mg2+ 1.5mmol/L;扩增程序为：94℃预变性7min;94 ℃变性30s,530~580 ℃退火45s,72 ℃延伸90s,45个循环;72℃延伸7min,4 ℃保存。     

副鸡嗜血杆菌16 S rDNA PCR检测方法的建立

根据副鸡嗜血杆菌的16 S rDNA基因序列设计一对特异性引物XZIC1和XZIC2,对6株副鸡嗜血杆菌进行PCR扩增。结果显示,该对引物对6株副鸡嗜血杆菌均扩增出与预期大小相一致的282bp片段,而对鸡毒支原体、禽巴氏杆菌、鸡传染性支气管炎病毒、鸡新城疫病毒、大肠埃希菌、鸡白痢沙门菌、禽流感病毒(H9)、鸡喉气管炎病毒及葡萄球菌等9种病原体的扩增结果均为阴性。该PCR敏感性结果表明,本方法可以检测到10pg的副鸡嗜血杆菌DNA模板。采用引物XZIC1和XZIC2,对分别用副鸡嗜血杆菌ctcc253、ctcc255、ctcc257、ctcc269株感染SPF鸡的临床病料DNA进行PCR扩增,均可扩增出单一的282bp的片段。