包膜尿素不同配比减施对土壤无机氮含量及玉米氮素吸收的影响

【目的】研究包膜尿素与普通尿素不同配施比例对氮素释放及玉米氮素吸收的影响,旨在筛选有利于东北春玉米高产及氮素高效利用的包膜肥料与普通尿素比例,为控释氮肥在东北地区春玉米生产上的推广应用提供科学依据。【方法】2017年在辽宁省沈阳市和海城市两地以当地主栽品种东单6531和铁研358开展田间试验。供试肥料：树脂包膜尿素和普通尿素。两个试验区均设置了不施氮处理（CK0）、普通尿素常规施氮量（CK）和减氮对照处理（CK1）、树脂包膜尿素较CK减氮处理（T0）;沈阳试验区还设置了3个树脂包膜尿素与普通尿素不同配比及减氮处理（T1、T2、T3）,海城试验区设置了两个处理（T1、T2）。T1、T2、T3处理包膜尿素和普通尿素的配施比例分别为8:2、6:4、4:6;沈阳试验区常规氮肥用量为244 kg·hm ^-2,减氮处理施氮量为220 kg·hm ^-2;海城试验区常规氮肥用量为217 kg·hm ^-2,减氮处理施氮量为195 kg·hm ^-2。玉米生长季内各生育时期分别采集土壤和植株样品,测定土壤无机氮含量和植株不同部位养分含量,每个小区单独采收记录产量。 【结果】包膜尿素与普通尿素配施能显著提高玉米产量（P<0.05）,且随着配施比例的增加,产量呈先增加后降低趋势,其中T2处理的玉米产量最高（10 250 kg·hm ^-2）,CK1产量最低（9 307 kg·hm ^-2）。在等氮素条件下,玉米产量表现为T2>T3>T1>T0>CK1,籽粒产量较CK1处理增产幅度为3.89%—25.76%。在减氮10%条件下,T2处理产量与CK处理相比差异不显著。包膜尿素与普通尿素配施能显著提高玉米生育前期土壤中无机氮含量,树脂包膜尿素可以为玉米中后期生长提供氮源,且在等氮条件下,随着包膜肥料与普通尿素配比增加,氮素表观利用率和氮肥农学效益均呈先升高后降低趋势,其中均以T2处理最高,CK1处理最低,两地结果一致。 【结论】包膜尿素与普通尿素配施处理的春玉米产量、氮肥利用率和氮肥农学效益均优于普通尿素处理,其中以T2处理包膜尿素与普通尿素配比为6:4,效果最好;根据两种肥料不同时期的释放特点,通过拟合曲线,在辽中南地区,当62%包膜尿素搭配38%普通尿素条件下,产量、氮素表观利用率和经济效益最高且最合理,可以充分发挥普通尿素和包膜肥料优势,可有效增加春玉米中后期土壤无机氮供应能力,获得显著的增产效果,提高经济效益。     

控释尿素对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用效率及土壤硝态氮的影响

以夏玉米为研究对象,通过田间试验,比较分析不同氮水平下控释尿素与普通尿素的夏玉米产量、氮肥利用效率及土壤硝态氮间的差异。结果表明:控释尿素能显著提高玉米产量,相同氮水平下,控释尿素处理的籽粒产量较普通尿素的均有所增加,其中氮水平为75%处理的增产幅度最大,100%的处理次之,50%的最小,其增产达5.7%～28.9%。控释尿素与普通尿素的氮素表观损失量均随施肥量增加而升高,与对照不施氮处理差异显著。N肥利用率与N肥农学效率则表现为75%>50%>100%,且控释尿素处理有高于普通尿素处理的趋势,其中75%控释尿素处理的N肥利用率及N肥农学效率分别高达24.1%和17.4kg/kg。土壤剖面NO3--N含量随施氮量的增加而增加,控释尿素在夏玉米的2个氮素利用关键期(大喇叭口和抽雄)的土壤硝态氮含量均高于普通尿素,说明控释尿素在夏玉米氮素关键期能维持较高的水平以满足作物对于N素的需求,其中以75%控释尿素处理表现最好。本试验条件下,控释尿素75%的施氮水平是提高夏玉米产量、降低土壤硝态氮淋失的合理施氮量。     

硫包膜控释尿素和树脂包膜控释尿素混施对番茄生长及氮代谢酶活性的影响

在日光温室盆栽条件下,研究了尿素(U)、硫包膜控释尿素(SCU,控释期4个月)和树脂包膜控释尿素(RCU,控释期6个月)混施(各提供50%氮素)在同等氮素及减氮30%、50%条件下,对番茄生长、光合作用及氮代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,所有取样时期,番茄叶片中叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、净光合速率(Pn)及硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性均随氮素用量减少而下降,进而表现为番茄株高和茎粗随之降低。同等氮素条件下定植30 d后,硫包膜控释尿素和树脂包膜控释尿素混施处理其NR、GS和GOGAT活性均低于尿素处理,Chla、Chlb、Car含量和Pn无显著差异;定植60 d和90 d后,硫包膜控释尿素和树脂包膜控释尿素混施处理所有指标均高于尿素,且定植60 d后,在减氮30%条件下,其叶片中Chla、Chlb、Car含量、Pn及NR、GS和GOGAT活性与100%尿素处理差异不显著,番茄株高和茎粗长势良好。综上所述,硫包膜控释尿素和树脂包膜控释尿素混施在番茄生长中后期养分释放规律与番茄需肥规律基本一致,能促进光合色素合成和氮代谢相关酶活性,延缓叶片衰老,更有利于番茄产量的提高。     

葡萄糖和尿素对新鲜水稻秸秆氨化品质的影响

为研究葡萄糖和尿素对新鲜水稻秸秆氨化品质的影响,采用不同质量分数的葡萄糖(0、4 g/kg)和尿素(0、2、4和6 g/kg)对水稻卓两优141的新鲜秸秆进行氨化处理,常温氨化50 d后开包取样分析各项指标。结果表明:氨化饲料中黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素、玉米赤酶烯酮含量检测结果符合饲料卫生标准;尿素和葡萄糖的交互作用对氨态氮、可溶性碳水化合物和半纤维素含量有显著作用。随着尿素浓度的增加,各处理的pH值显著升高,氨态氮和粗蛋白(CP)含量显著增加,6 g/kg尿素处理组的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)降解效果最好;4 g/kg葡萄糖处理显著降低了秸秆NDF、ADF、ADL和氨态氮含量,显著增加了秸秆可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)和粗蛋白(CP)的含量。综合分析,添加葡萄糖可以提高水稻秸秆的营养价值,4 g/kg葡萄糖+6 g/kg尿素处理组的氨化效果最佳。     

控释氮肥和尿素配比对不同品种夏玉米氮素累积、转移及其利用效率的影响

在黄淮海夏玉米生产区,不同控释氮肥和尿素的配比下,研究不同氮效率玉米品种的产量及其花前花后干物质和氮素累积分配规律,以及相应的氮素利用效率与经济效益,为该区域夏玉米氮肥高效施用提供理论与技术依据.试验采用裂区设计,周期为两年,以施氮处理为主区,设置0、180、300 kg·hm-23个施氮水平,并在180 kg·hm-...     

Evaluating Sugarcane Diets for Dairy Cows Using a Digestion Model

To eliminate unnecessary feeding trials, a mechanistic model of sugarcane digestion was used in the search for suitable supplements to improve milk production. Milk production simulated by the model was compared with data observed in four feeding trials published in the tropical literature where crossbred dairy cows were fed sugarcane/urea diets with different types of supplements. The predicted effects of the supplements on the ruminal microbial population, concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids were also compared with the published results in one experiment. The model indicated the nutrient most limiting milk production for the different feeding situations. The addtion of Leucaena to the basal sugarcane/urea improved the availability of amino acids and long-chain fatty acids, with energy becoming the limiting factor. Supplementation with rice bran increased the availability of energy and long-chain fatty acids, but amino acids then became the limiting factor. Supplementation with both Leucaena and rice bran further improved the milk yield, but availability of energy now limited milk production. Supplementation with Leucaena increased milk production more than supplementation with king grass. The main reason for this increase was increased amino acid absorption due to increased microbial outflow. In all feeding situations, the average difference between the predicted milk production and that observed experimentally was 0.57 kg/d (ranging from 0.08 to 1 kg/d).     

Tolerance to the Nephrotoxic Component of Narthecium ossifragum in Sheep: The Effects of Repeated Oral Doses of Plant Extracts

Young adult sheep were dosed with extracts of Narthecium ossifragum plants by the oral or parenteral routes and the resulting nephrotoxicity was assessed from the increases in the concentrations of creatinine and urea in the serum. Following single intraruminal or intraperitoneal doses of extracts derived from 30 g N. ossifragum (wet weight) per kg live weight (kg lw), serum creatinine concentrations increased from about 100 mol/L to between 260 and 510 mol/L. The serum urea concentrations increased from about 5–8 mmol/L to between 11 and 66 mmol/L in individual sheep. Daily intraruminal administration of 5–30 g/kg lw to three sheep over a 10- or 15-day period increased creatinine concentrations from 100 mol/L to 300–760 mol/L, and urea concentrations from 5–8 mmol/L to 35 mmol/L. A single intraperitoneal challenge dose of 30 g/kg lw, delivered 7 or 12 days after the final intraruminal dose, did not lead to increased serum creatinine or urea concentrations, indicating that oral treatment had apparently resulted in an increased tolerance to the nephrotoxic principle(s) in N. ossifragum.     

包膜控释尿素对大棚番茄的增产与品质提高效应

对施用包膜控释尿素和普通尿素的大棚番茄进行了田间生产条件下产量与品质对比分析试验。结果表明:与普通尿素相比施用控释尿素有显著的增产效果。D 60控释处理(控释期60 d)产量最高,为68.85 t/hm2,比对照增产19.39 t/hm2,增产率为39.2%;比尿素增产10.10 t/hm2,增产率为17.2%;D 90(控释期90 d)比对照增产15.37 t/hm2,增产率为31.0%;比尿素增产6.08 t/hm2。增产率为10.3%;D 90与D 60两种控释尿素之间产量差异不显著。控释尿素具有增加单株果数、单果重的效果。D 90与D 60氮素当季利用率比普通尿素分别高65.5%和108.8%。硝酸盐含量,以D 90为最低,仅比对照高4.4%,比普通尿素低56%;D 60比对照高15%,比尿素处理低51.6%;尿素处理比对照高137.3%。V c和氨基酸含量,D 90为最高,分别比对照高1.00倍和2.46倍;比普通尿素处理高22%和100%;D 60与尿素两处理V c含量差异不显著,但氨基酸总量前者却比后者高48%。可溶性糖含量以D 60较高,普通尿素为最低。综合品质指标为:D 90>D 60>U。说明控释尿素具有显著地增产效应和提高蔬菜品质的突出效应,特别在提高蔬菜的安全品质方面贡献最大。综合各项,在番茄生产中以选用控释期为60 d的包膜控释尿素为最好。     

Accumulation of Sapogenin Conjugates and Histological Changes in the Liver and Kidneys of Lambs Suffering from Alveld,a Hepatogenous Photosensitization Disease of Sheep Grazing Narthecium ossifragum

Sixteen lambs exhibiting hepatogenous photosensitization (alveld) after grazing pasture containing Narthecium ossifragum and seven nonphotosensitized lambs grazing the same pastures were studied. All the alveld-affected lambs revealed liver damage dominated by single cell necrosis, portal fibroplasia and bile duct proliferation. Crystalloid clefts were demonstrated in the bile ducts of two and in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of nine photosensitized lambs. Plasma bilirubin concentration was severely increased in ten of the cases of alveld whereas the activity of aspartate aminotransferase was moderately to severely increased in seven cases. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was moderately elevated in one of the photosensitized lambs. The main histopathological findings in the kidneys from the alveld-affected lambs were dilated tubules, often with eosinophilic material in the tubular lumina. Regenerative changes were seen in a large proportion of the renal sections. Elevated plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine, and the renal histopathological changes, suggested that the photosensitized lambs had been through a phase of renal injury. Analysis of the free and conjugated sapogenin content in liver tissue and bile was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. There were significantly higher concentrations of conjugated episapogenins in both the liver and bile in the alveld-affected lambs than in the nonphotosensitized lambs.     

不同添加剂处理对小麦秸黄贮饲料发酵品质的影响

为研究纤维素酶和乳酸菌制剂以及尿素对小麦秸黄贮饲料品质的影响,分别设不同的处理组及对照进行小麦秸黄贮饲料的发酵试验。实验Ⅰ结果表明:尿素单独添加、尿素和纤维素酶混合添加显著提高粗蛋白的含量,尿素和乳酸菌制剂、以及尿素与乳酸菌制剂和纤维素酶混合添加都不能得到品质较好的小麦秸黄贮饲料。实验Ⅱ结果表明:各添加剂处理均显著降低黄贮饲料的pH值和中性洗涤纤维含量(P<0.05),显著提高乳酸、总酸和粗蛋白含量(P<0.05);添加剂处理能够明显改善小麦秸黄贮饲料的发酵品质,提高小麦秸的饲用价值。纤维素酶和乳酸菌制剂同时添加时,小麦秸黄贮饲料品质最好。