尿素氨化秸秆的应用研究进展

在描述秸杆营养价值的基础上,提出了尿素氨化秸秆的机理、所需条件以及尿素氨化秸秆对家畜生产性能的影响,并进一步指出了减少氨损失的方法。     

不同类型添加材料在新型肥料生产中的应用

就目前新型肥料研制过程中所选用的添加材料或包膜材料进行了归类划分,并对高表面活性矿物、高分子聚合物、抑制剂等材料的化学性质、与肥料养分离子相互作用机理等进行了分析和阐述。分析了不同材料对肥料的溶出速率或释放速率的影响,从提高营养元素有效性和生态环境建设方面讨论了这些材料的应用前景。     

4种提取鹰嘴豆基因组DNA方法的比较

采用CTAB法、SDS-CTAB法、SDS法、尿素法4种方法对鹰嘴豆DNA进行提取,并从电泳结果、纯度、得率等方面对其进行比较研究,从而确定鹰嘴豆DNA提取适用流程。所提DNA纯度为：CTAB法〉SDS-CTAB法〉SDS法〉尿素法;所提DNA的浓度（μg／mL）为：SDS-CTAB法〉CTAB法〉SDS法〉尿素法。综合分析,CTAB法是提取鹰嘴可DNA的最佳方法。     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Nephrotoxicity in Goats Caused by Dosing with a Water Extract from the Stems of Narthecium Ossifragum Plants

Seven goats were given a single dose of an aqueous extract derived from 30 g (wet weight) of Narthecium ossifragum per kg liveweight. Their serum creatinine and urea concentrations increased to day 5 but then fell to normal by day 10. Serum magnesium increased to day 4 and decreased to normal by day 9. Their serum calcium concentration was lower than normal on days 4, 5 and 6. Histopathological examination of the kidneys of goats killed or found dead 2, 4, 6, 8, 11 or 16 days after dosing revealed tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis. Regeneration of the tubular epithelium and signs of interstitial fibroplast proliferation and fibrosis could be seen in animals killed on days 8, 11, 16 and 42. No signs of liver damage were observed in 3 goats dosed with the insoluble plant material from 40 g (wet weight) Narthecium ossifragum per kg liveweight. The total dose was divided into three doses, which were given intraruminally within 7 h. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase, -glutamyl-transferase and glutamate dehydrogenase remained within the normal range in all 10 goats after dosing.     

不同碳氮有机物料对有机菜田土壤细菌多样性的影响

通过模拟试验,利用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳法(PCR-DGGE),研究了施入不同碳氮有机物料(秸秆、苜蓿、有机肥、尿素)56d后,有机生产系统菜田土壤细菌群落结构的特征。结果表明,常规和有机生产系统土壤的细菌群落结构有明显差异。由DGGE图谱ShannonWiener多样性指数分析得知,有机背景处理的细菌多样性整体高于常规背景处理,且有机生产系统土壤加秸秆处理(OS)多样性最高,加入尿素后细菌多样性降低,相反,加入苜蓿后细菌多样性升高。非加权组平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析将常规和有机背景土壤分为两大族群。DGGE条带测序和系统进化树表明,30个条带归属为Proteobacteria、Acidobacteria、Actinobacteria、Firmicutes、Verrucomicrobia。常规土壤加苜蓿(CA)处理出现的特征性条带B13与有机背景处理的共有条带B28分别与Bacillus属和Pseudomonas假单胞菌属同源性最高。     

种植密度和施肥水平对青海旱地覆膜种植甜高粱草产量及品质的影响

以甜高粱(Sorghum dochna)吉甜5号和九甜杂3号为材料,在海拔2 040m的青海旱地覆膜进行了不同种植密度(行株距分别为40cm×40cm、40cm×30cm、40cm×20cm)和追施不同尿素量(0、150和225kg·hm~(-2))对草产量及品质影响的研究。结果显示,吉甜5号和九甜杂3号两个品种在行距×株距为40cm×20cm(12.00万穴·hm~(-2))时的鲜草产量和干草产量最高,鲜草产量分别达99.75和108.17t·hm~(-2),干草产量分别达17.89和22.58t·hm~(-2);在生长中期追施150kg·hm~(-2)尿素时草产量较高,品质较好,两个品种的粗蛋白分别达5.47%和4.80%,粗脂肪分别达5.67和7.57g·kg~(-1),酸性洗涤纤维较低,综合表现良好。以上结果表明,青海旱地甜高粱种植密度为12.00万穴·hm~(-2),生长中期追施尿素150kg·hm~(-2)最为适宜。     

ZnFe-LDHs覆膜改性人工湿地基质脱氮除磷性能研究

以空心砖、蛭石、沸石、煤渣4种人工湿地常用基质为研究对象,进行ZnFe-LDHs双金属覆膜改性。以静态吸附试验为主,对改性前后的基质进行污水脱氮除磷试验研究并探讨其吸附机理,结果表明:与原始基质相比,改性后的各基质对总磷的吸附量均有不同程度的提高,改性空心砖的吸附效果最佳,总磷的吸附量提升了17%。沸石改性后对氨氮的吸附量提升了18%,增加明显,其余改性基质对氨氮吸附量增加不明显。基质改性前后对氨氮和总磷的吸附均符合Freundlich规律。