Growth and Nutritional Responses of Juvenile Jeffrey Pine to Post-Planting Fertilization

Abstract

Broadcast fertilization of a three-year-old Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) plantation growing on an eroded Sierra Nevada site was examined for its capacity to enhance seedling growth. The amendments chosen for the study included controlled release and conventional soluble formulations that contained a variety of N forms, but all featured high N content along with other nutrients. Four application rates were used, and all amendments were distributed around the base of the seedlings as top dressing. Four seasons after treatment application, fertilized seedlings were 129% larger in height, 93% larger in diameter, and 865% greater in shoot volume than unfertilized seedlings overall. Seedling sizes generally increased with application rate, and by a small margin, the controlled release fertilizer outperformed the other formulations. Relative growth analysis suggested that stimulation by the amendments would continue beyond four seasons. Foliar analysis conducted early and again late during the study revealed that N and P concentrations were consistently raised by fertilization, which likely accounts for much of the accompanying growth gains, while Ca, Fe, Mn, B, and Al concentrations were consistently reduced. Either early or late, foliar K was also raised while Mg, S, Zn, and Cu were reduced. Collectively, these results indicate that fertilization with a variety of high N formulations can increase the availability and uptake of critical nutrients sufficiently to impart in Jeffrey pine on low quality sites a substantial growth advantage.     

赤松纯林胸径结构对枯梢病发生的效应

目的 探究赤松纯林胸径结构对枯梢病发生效应,为合理采取森林经营措施调整林分胸径结构,防控赤松枯梢病的流行提供理论支持和技术支撑。 方法 以昆嵛山赤松纯林为研究对象,设置50块赤松纯林临时样地进行赤松胸径及枯梢病病情调查,应用Weibull分布拟合位置、尺度和形状参数并进行$ {x}^{2} $检验,然后将3参数和赤松平均胸径,感病赤松平均胸径,未感病赤松平均胸径,最大病级赤松平均胸径,最小病级赤松平均胸径表征为赤松胸径特征指标,分别与枯梢病病情指数进行Spearman秩相关性分析。 结果 各赤松纯林临时样地胸径结构均符合Weibull分布,其中胸径分布中心在9.66 ~16.25 cm,90.00%的样地胸径结构表现为正偏山状分布。赤松枯梢病病情指数与未感病赤松平均胸径、最大病级赤松平均胸径和最小病级赤松平均胸径呈负相关,但检验结果为不显著;与尺度参数、赤松平均胸径和感病赤松平均胸径呈显著负相关（p<0.05）,与形状参数呈极显著负相关（p<0.01）;与位置参数呈间接显著负相关。 结论 Weibull分布能够较好地拟合赤松纯林胸径结构。赤松纯林枯梢病病情指数与胸径结构分布中心、胸径结构分布曲线形状、赤松平均胸径和感病赤松平均胸径结构指标存在显著或极显著负相关,与所测赤松最小胸径存在间接显著负相关,可采取抚育间伐等森林经营措施增加林内优势木比重,降低赤松胸径分化程度,减少感病小胸径赤松,达到赤松枯梢病生态调控的目的。     

云南松不同家系种子发芽能力分析

采自楚雄州白马河林场云南松母树林的20株母树,分家系播种,测定了20个家系8个指标的田间发芽能力.结果表明:除发芽势外,其余指标在各家系间的差异达到显著或极显著水平,其中平均发芽时间、平均发芽系数、发芽指数、峰值、发芽值在各家系的差异达到极显著水平;发芽率和日均发芽率的差异达显著水平.依据这些发芽能力指标,对20个家系进行聚类,其中发芽能力较好的一类包括家系1、2、7.通过研究为了解家系间发芽能力的分化提供依据,为云南松的早期选择奠定基础.     

湿地松组培继代增殖的影响因子

以湿地松抗病家系和非抗病家系的成熟合子胚为外植体,以不同的基本培养基成分、不同的激素成分及浓度配比和不同的培养方式,研究湿地松离体培养继代增殖的关键技术及主要影响因子。     

模拟城市SO2污染对晚松生理特性的影响

以2年生晚松盆栽苗为供试材料,从抗大气环境中SO₂污染方面对晚松的抗逆能力进行了定量评价,为晚松的园林应用提供理论依据。研究表明,晚松叶绿素a、b对模拟SO₂污染反应敏感,叶绿素b所受伤害大于叶绿素a,类胡萝卜素较不敏感。过氧化物酶活性的提高有助于减轻膜脂过氧化造成的伤害,从而使其在SO₂污染胁迫较轻(10 mmol/L)时免受伤害。     

Outdoor winter storage of container stock on raised pallets—effects on root zone temperatures and seedling growth

Containerized seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were overwintered on the ground and above ground on pallets. Soil temperatures in elevated containers were lower and showed greater fluctuation than containers on the ground. The lowest temperatures (‐15 to ‐16°C) were observed in containers stored on pallets with little or no snow cover during the winter. Temperatures in the edge rows of containers were lower than interior bed soil temperatures. Lower temperatures were also observed in the top than in the bottom of the container. The storage on pallets resulted in reduced shoot and root growth. Although insulation preventing air movements beneath the container units improved soil temperature conditions and subsequent seedling growth, the best result was obtained when seedlings were stored directly on the ground surface.     

Post-fire tree stress and growth following smoldering duff fires

Understanding the proximate causes of post-fire conifer mortality due to smoldering duff fires is essential to the restoration and management of coniferous forests throughout North America. To better understand duff fire-caused mortality, we investigated tree stress and radial growth following experimental fires in a long-unburned forest on deep sands in northern Florida, USA. We burned basal fuels surrounding 80 mature Pinus palustris Mill. in a randomized experiment comparing the effects of basal burning treatments on stem vascular meristems; surficial roots; root and stem combinations; and a non-smoldering control. We examined the effects of duration of lethal temperatures (>60 °C) on subsequent pine radial growth and root non-structural carbohydrates (starch and sugar). Duff and mineral soil temperatures in the experimental fires consistently exceeded 60 °C for over an hour following ignition, with lethal temperatures of shorter duration recorded 20 cm below the mineral soil surface. Duff heating was best explained by day-of-burn Oe horizon moisture (P = 0.01), although little variation was explained (R² = 0.24). Post-fire changes in latewood radial increment in the year following fires was related to duration of temperatures >60 °C 10 cm deep in the mineral soil (P = 0.07), but explained little variability in post-fire growth (R² = 0.17). In contrast, changes in non-structural carbohydrate content in coarse roots (2–5 mm diameter) 120 days following burning were more strongly correlated with the duration of lethal heating 5 cm below the mineral soil surface (P = 0.02; R² = 0.53). Results from this study implicate the role of mineral soil heating in the post-fire decline of mature longleaf pine following restoration fires in sandy soils.     

重要林木害虫松幽天牛危害特点的研究

文章简要报道了松幽天牛Asemum amurenseKraatz在河北丰宁的发生和危害状况,讨论了该虫成灾的主要原因,并提出防治建议和对策。该虫在河北丰宁造成的灾害十分严重,主要危害油松,成灾区有虫株率50%以上,虫口密度126头/株;造成严重危害的主要原因是油松生存环境恶劣,连续干旱,对该虫生物生态学特性缺乏了解以及缺少有效监控技术。     

马尾松优良种植材料现实遗传增益验证

利用设置在福建省武平县的马尾松遗传增益测定林材料,以验证优良种源、母树林及种子园混系的现实遗传增益。种源中试林和示范林测定结果都显示,选用优良种源具有显著的增产效果。在较好立地上,8年生时广西宁明和广东信宜种源的高径生长分别增益17%～47%和12%～25%。通过福建武平、江西吉安、广东信宜和广西宁明4处母树林子代5年生测定林材料,未发现预期显著的改良效果,有些母树林子代生长甚至低于相应试验对照。广西藤县和贵州黄平种子园混系在不同地理和立地环境上的生长表现验证了种子园混系较高的遗传增益,但这种增益估算值与测试点立地条件和种子园无性系构成有关。广西藤县种子园混系只有在较好立地上增产显著,而在较差立地上则难显其增益效果。贵州黄平种子园混系因速生和遗传稳定性高,在不同立地上都具有较高的遗传增益。     

四川的云南松地径胸径相关关系及其应用研究

本文报道了四川的云南松树干在部三个不同部位直径(地表直径d0．00、0.05m高处直径d0.05、0.1Om高处直径d0.10)与胸径(d1．3)的相关关系，利用其编制了四川云南松地径一元材积表，并对其在四川云南松林区进行盗伐木、滥砍乱伐木材积估计和监测森林资源消耗量等方面的应用进行了探讨。四川云南松地径与胸径最佳关系模型为二次抛物线回归方程，相关系数r=0，999217～0．999380，剩余平方和Q=179．3391～226．4480，且d0.10与d1．3相关关系最为紧密。