Binding of recombinant norovirus like particle to histo-blood group antigen on cells in the lumen of pig duodenum

Histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) expressed on cells in the human GI tract have been shown to function as receptors for noroviruses. In concordance with earlier reports (Backer et al., 1997; Yamamoto and Yamamoto, 2001), this study found that individual pigs are either HBGA type A positive or type H1 (type O) positive. Recombinant norovirus like particles from a genogroup I (rNVLP) or three genogroup II (rMOH, rVA207, and rVA387) strains bound to plates coated with pig gastro-intestinal washings with similar binding patterns to humans. The binding of human norovirus like particles was inhibited by pre-incubating the wells with MAbs specific for either type A or type H1 HBGA, or by the presence of free HBGAs from human saliva. Co-localization of rNVLP and corresponding HBGA on epithelial cells of pig gastro-intestinal tissue (PGIT) was also observed. These findings suggest that rNVLP binds to HBGAs expressed on PGIT epithelial cells. This is the first report of the specific binding of human rNVLP to HBGAs in epithelial cells of pig gastrointestinal tissue. It highlights the importance of further study of human norovirus incidence and potential infection and residence in non-human animal hosts and suggests the possibility that norovirus may be a zoonotic pathogen.     

Immune and inflammatory responses in pigs infected with Trichuris suis and Oesophagostomum dentatum

The aim of the present study was to investigate parasite induced immune responses in pigs co-infected with Trichuris suis and Oesophagostomum dentatum as compared to mono-species infected pigs. T. suis is known to elicit a strong immune response leading to rapid expulsion, and a strong antagonistic effect on O. dentatum populations has been observed in co-infected pigs. Forty-eight helminth naïve pigs were allocated into 4 groups in a 2-factorial design. Two groups were trickle inoculated with either 10 T. suis eggs/kg/day (Group T) or 20 O. dentatum L3/kg/day (Group O). Group OT was infected with same levels of both T. suis and O. dentatum (Group OT) and Group C remained uninfected. In each group, six pigs were necropsied after 35 days and the remaining pigs after 71 days. Parasite E/S-antigen specific serum antibodies were quantified by an in-direct ELISA. qPCR was used to measure the expression of immune function related genes in the mucosa of proximal colon and the draining lymph node. Highly significant interactions were identified for O. dentatum specific IgG1 (p < 0.0001) and IgG2 (p < 0.0006) antibodies with a remarkable 2-fold higher antibody response in group OT pigs as compared to group O. These findings indicated that T. suis enhanced the antibody response against O. dentatum in Group OT. The gene expression data confirmed a strong Type 2 response to T. suis (e.g. marked increase in IL-13, ARG1 and CCL11) and clearly weaker in amplitude and/or delayed onset response to O. dentatum in the single infected group. Interactions were found between the two nematodes with regard to several cytokines, e.g. the increase in IL-13 observed in Group T was absent in Group OT (p = 0.06, proximal colon mucosa, 35 and 71 p.i.). Some of these immune response-related interactions may support, or even partially explain, the observed interactions between the two worm populations in co-infected pigs.     

Emission of ESBL/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from pig fattening farms to surrounding areas

The presence of ESBL/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in livestock such as pigs has been known for some time. However, to date there is little information about the transmission of these resistant bacteria between pig farms and their surroundings. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore this topic by investigating seven German pig fattening farms. Samples from outside (including ground surfaces, ambient air, slurry and digestate from biogas plants) and, in parallel, from inside the pig barns (including pig feces, dust, barn air, flies and mice feces) were examined for ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli and selected isolates were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. 14/17 (82.4%) slurry samples and three of four samples of digestate from biogas plants tested positive for ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli. In the vicinity of the pig barns these resistant bacteria were detected in 14/87 (16.1%) boot swabs taken from various ground surfaces and in 2/36 (6%) ambient air samples. Inside the pig barns, 6/63 (9.5%) barn air samples and a small proportion of flies and mice feces samples were ESBL/AmpC-positive. PFGE analysis proved fecal emission as well as a possible spread via flies, as identical ESBL-E. coli isolates were detected in slurry and on fertilized fields, as well as in flies and pooled feces from inside the barn and slurry. Contaminated slurry presented the major emission source for ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli in the pig fattening farms, but a spread via the airborne route or via different vectors also seems possible.     

玉山黑猪与巴克夏、长白二元杂交猪屠宰及肉质性能比较研究

为比较巴玉、长玉二元杂交猪屠宰、肉质性能差异,本试验选取2窝日龄相同、体重接近的巴克夏×玉山黑猪、长白×玉山黑猪作为材料,在相同半放养饲养方式条件下进行饲喂试验,在试验猪只平均体质量达到135kg（平均350日龄）以上级别时按NY/T825-2004方法进行屠宰测定,结果显示：体长、皮厚、皮率、失水率、a﹡（红度）、脂肪含量两者之间差异极显著（P〈0.01）,眼肌面积、平均背膘厚度、脂率、两组之间差异显著（P〈0.05）;在硬脂酸、亚油酸、花生酸、花生四烯酸方面,长玉组含量高于巴玉组,其中硬脂酸前者高于后者14.75%,差异明显（P〈0.05）,但两者总体差异不明显（P〉0.05）。     

The outer membrane protein type of five dominant Eschedchia coli serotypes in pigs in Guangdong area

对从广东地区部分猪场分离的大肠杆菌进行血清型鉴定后，选取优势血清型09、026、060、0100和O107的8个致病性较强的分离株，采用超声波裂解、N-十二烷基肌氨酸钠处理和超速离心技术提取大肠杆菌的外膜蛋白（0MP），利用SDS-PAGE电泳进行OMP分型。结果8个菌株共有3个OMP型（I～III型），其中026。、0101、0107型的3个分离株的外膜蛋白型由1条带组成，为0MP—I型；060、0101、0107型的4个分离株的外膜蛋白型由2条带组成，为OMP—II型；09型的1个分离株的外膜蛋白型由3条带组成，为OMP-Ill型。这表明，优势血清型09、O26、0101、O107的分离株OMP型不单一；同一血清型的分离株，存在不同OMP型；而不同血清型的分离株却可有相同的OMP型。     

清末民国四川养猪业经济及其改良

清末以来,养猪业在四川经济中的地位凸显,成为联系农工商贸最为密切的行业。为推动四川养猪业及相关产业的发展,畜牧研究机构围绕"猪的品种"、"猪的饲料"、"猪的管理"以及"猪的疫病"等问题进行了调查,并在调查基础上实施了猪只改良、推广及疫病防治。     

生猪养殖全生产周期氮排泄参数及全国生猪粪尿氮排泄研究

为完善生猪养殖氮排泄参数体系,准确计算生猪养殖粪尿氮排泄量,本研究通过对生猪养殖全生产周期(繁殖—断奶—生长—育肥)持续开展285d的全收粪尿法代谢试验,每天记录采食量、粪尿产生量,采集样品测定水分和氮含量,系统性获取了能繁母猪空怀期、妊娠前期、妊娠中期、妊娠后期和哺乳期,以及生长肉猪保育期、生长前期、生长后期和育肥期氮的摄入与排泄参数,并结合生猪生产性能参数计算生猪氮年排泄系数。并基于中国各省生猪养殖统计数据和耕地面积,核算2000—2018年生猪养殖粪尿氮产生量变化及区域分布情况。结果表明:生猪不同生长生理阶段氮摄入量和排泄量差异显著,其中空怀期母猪为72.32 g·d~(–1)和49.42 g·d~(–1),妊娠前期为55.79 g·d~(–1)和45.36 g·d~(–1),妊娠中期为56.25 g·d~(–1)和22.27 g·d~(–1),妊娠后期为72.41 g·d~(–1)和26.36g·d~(–1),泌乳期为114.28g·d~(–1)和38.84g·d~(–1),商品猪保育期为22.86g·d~(–1)和10.96g·d~(–1),生长前期为34.87 g·d~(–1)和18.34g·d~(–1),生长后期为54.67 g·d~(–1)和34.50 g·d~(–1),肥育期为55.15g·d~(–1)和35.79 g·d~(–1)。而且各阶段尿氮排泄量都比粪氮高。商品肉猪和能繁母猪年排泄系数分别为9.00kg·头~(–1)·a~(–1)和11.75kg·头~(–1)·a~(–1)。2000—2018年,我国生猪养殖粪尿氮排泄总量呈先增后缓慢下降的趋势,而单位猪肉产品氮排泄量逐年下降,商品肉猪氮排泄量占生猪养殖粪尿氮排泄总量比重达84.03%。四川、河南、湖南、山东是我国生猪养殖氮排泄总量最大的4个省,占全国生猪养殖氮排泄总量的33.67%;而单位耕地面积生猪养殖氮承载负荷最大的省份是福建、广东、湖南、北京、上海。因此,在生猪生产中应根据群体结构和相应的氮排泄系数科学核算其氮排放量,在产业发展规划时要充分考虑环境承载力。     

土种杂交猪胴体性状分析及瘦肉率预测模型筛选研究

选择5~7月龄左右阉割的土种杂交商品猪111头,分别测其瘦肉率、热胴体重、背膘厚度等指标。分析了猪胴体的基本性状及其相关性,并以瘦肉率(y)为因变量,其它指标为自变量,建立了胴体瘦肉率的回归拟合方程。结果表明,多元线性方程y=60.453+0.0971x10-0.2551x9-0.2432x5(R2=0.7342,RMSE=1.55238)能较好地预测胴体瘦肉率,倒数3~4肋背膘厚(x5)、臀中肌垂直至背中线的最薄处膘厚(x9)、臀中肌末端垂直到脊髓管边缘处膘厚(x10)被选入方程,经实际生产验证,此模型准确度较高,方程可靠。     

Supplementing media with NAD+ precursors enhances the in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes

In vitro maturation (IVM) is an important reproductive technology used to produce embryos in vitro. However, the developmental potential of oocytes sourced for IVM is markedly lower than those matured in vivo. Previously, NAD⁺-elevating treatments have improved oocyte quality and embryo development in cattle and mice, suggesting that NAD⁺ is important during oocyte maturation. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development. Porcine oocytes from small antral follicles were matured for 44 h in a defined maturation medium supplemented with NA, NAM and resveratrol or NMN. Mature oocytes were artificially activated and presumptive zygotes cultured for 7 days. Additionally, oocytes were matured without treatment then cultured for 7 days with NMN. Supplementing the IVM medium with NA improved maturation and blastocyst formation while NAM supplementation improved cleavage rates compared with untreated controls. Supplementing the IVM or embryo culture media with NMN had no effect on maturation or embryo development. The results show that supplementing the maturation medium with NA and NAM improved maturation and developmental potential of porcine oocytes.