掺合肥料分离度对小麦产量与品质的影响

在３种类型紫色上上种植小麦，进行掺合肥料养分分离度试验，结果表明，３种类型紫色土单施氮肥无增产效应，氮磷配合施用，可促进小麦对氮磷的平衡吸收而增产。     

万源县磷肥资源调查研究

通过地质，土壤的考察和分析鉴定，明确了万源县磷肥资源的类型，分布，质量，贮量和土壤磷素状况以及施磷效果。提出了开发磷肥资源，解决土壤缺磷问题，是万源县发展农业生产，脱盆致富的重要作途径。     

腐殖酸载体微肥组合研究

采用2次通用旋转组合设计,通过单因素、组合因素、边际等效应解析,筛选出小麦、水稻、玉米对腐殖酸和硼(B)、钼(Mo)、锌(Zn)微肥的组合效应分别为:B·Mo>2B>2B·Mo/Zn,Zn·2B/腐殖酸>2B>Zn·B,2Zn>Zn·B>2Zn·B/腐殖酸.     

小麦肥料效应试验

试验结果表明，随着施肥量的增加和氮磷肥配比的合理，邯4564小麦的单株成穗率、干物质积累量、有效穗数、千粒重随之增加。各处理产量与对照相比，均存在显差异，其中N225 P180处理产量最高，N225P180为最佳施肥处理。     

湘北红壤性旱瘠田有机,无机肥配合施用效果研究

１９９３－１９９５年在桃源县盘塘乡“湘北红壤试区”旱瘠田设置定位试验。结果表明：有机无机肥配施能够提高土壤有机质和全量养分含量，活化土壤养分，提高土壤肥力，促进水稻对养分的吸收，增加水稻产量。     

磁混肥对梨果产量品质及梨树酶活性的研究

磁混肥比混肥和习惯用肥明显增产。其中,以每株施花肥、壮果肥粪水各5kg,50kg和磁混肥1.5kg,2.3kg的产量最高,其糖/酸比值为67.3,叶片中养分N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O=1.0∶0.17∶0.60,磷含量高。日增长体积以每株施花肥、果肥粪水各25kg,50kg和磁混肥0.75kg,1.17kg处理最大,为6.06×10~(-6)mm~3。磁混肥处理SOD酶活力前期强,利于抗衰老,其后逐渐减弱,有利促进梨果成熟。     

Annual dynamics of phosphatase activities in an evergreen oak litter: influence of biotic and abiotic factors

As part of a study of the processes involved in litter biodegradation, we considered the variations over 1 year of the phosphatase activities in sclerophyllous evergreen oak litter (Quercus ilex L.). Evergreen oak is representative of tree species in the forests of the French Mediterranean area. Acid (E.C. 3.1.3.2.) and alkaline (E.C. 3.1.3.1.) phosphatases, were measured over 13 months in the forest litter, along with several biotic and abiotic variables, potentially involved in the regulation of these enzymes. These comprised moisture, temperature, pH, water-extractable inorganic P (P_I), fungi, culturable heterotrophic bacteria and protein concentrations. Moisture considerably affected the production of proteins and acid phosphatases, probably formed by litter microorganisms. This result corroborated the study of Criquet et al. [Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34 (2002) 1111] which indicated that rainfall was the most important factor regulating the production and the activity of numerous enzymes in sclerophyllous forest litter. However, it appeared that moisture cannot alone predict all of the variations in phosphatase activities and the mineralisation rate of organic P (P_O). Indeed, principal component analyses (PCA) and multiple regressions showed that temperature and bacterial communities were also implicated in phosphatase dynamics and P_O mineralisation. Acid phosphatases were negatively correlated with the temperature, whilst alkaline phosphatases were positively correlated with this variable. The significant correlation obtained between bacteria and P_I concentrations, and the lack of correlation between bacteria and both acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases, suggest that other important phosphatase types, such as phosphodiesterases, must be strongly implicated in P_O mineralisation of the litter and in the regulation of P microbial metabolism.     

Trophic interactions between rhizosphere bacteria and bacterial feeders influenced by phosphate and aphids in barley

The aim was to study the effects of P fertilization and leaf aphid attack on the trophic interactions of bacteria and bacterial feeders in the rhizospheres of barley plants. The density of protozoa peaked in the rhizospheres of plants fertilized with N and P, whereas nematodes peaked in the rhizospheres of plants to which only N had been added. Fingerprinting of bacterial communities by length heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction revealed differences in community structure between NP rhizospheres and N rhizospheres as well as aphid-related differences within N rhizospheres. Specifically, α-proteobacteria increased with P addition. To evaluate if differences in bacteria in terms of their quality as food could partly explain the observed differences in protozoan and nematode abundances, growth of the flagellate Cercomonas sp. was assessed with 935 bacteria isolated from the different treatments. This assay indicated that bacterial isolates were of higher food quality to Cercomonas sp. in NP than in N rhizospheres when plants were subjected to aphid attack. Bacteria of high and low food quality for Cercomonas sp., respectively, were fed to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and larval production examined. α-Proteobacteria supported the growth of Cercomonas sp. well, whereas Actinobacteria did not. In contrast, C. elegans reproduced poorly on most α-proteobacteria but were able to reproduce well on some Actinobacteria. These results suggest that the different response of protozoa and nematodes to P addition could be mediated through a food quality-related change in community composition of bacteria and that leaf aphid attack may interfere with nutrient effects on bacterial assemblages of rhizospheres.     

Effect of potassium phosphate fertilization on production and emission of methane and its C-stable isotope composition in rice microcosms

Rice fields are an important source for atmospheric CH₄, but the effects of fertilization are not well known. We studied the turnover of CH₄ in rice soil microcosms without and with addition of potassium phosphate. Height and tiller number of rice plants were higher in the fertilized than in the unfertilized microcosms. Emission rates of CH₄ were also higher, but porewater concentrations of CH₄ were lower. The δ¹³C values of the emitted CH₄ and of the CH₄ in the porewater were both 2-6% higher in the fertilized microcosms than in the control. Potassium phosphate did not affect rate and isotopic signature of CH₄ production in anoxic soil slurries. On the other hand, roots retrieved from fertilized microcosms at the end of incubation exhibited slightly higher CH₄ production rates and slightly higher CH₄-δ¹³C values compared to roots from unfertilized plants. Addition of potassium phosphate to excised rice roots generally inhibited CH₄ production and resulted in increasingly lower δ¹³C values of the produced CH₄. Fractionation of ¹³C during plant ventilation (i.e. δ¹³C in pore water CH₄ versus CH₄ emitted) was larger in the fertilized microcosms than in the control. Besides plant ventilation, this difference may also have been caused by CH₄ oxidation in the rhizosphere. However, calculation from the isotopic data showed that less than 27% of the produced CH₄ was oxidized. Collectively, our results indicate that potassium phosphate fertilization stimulated CH₄ emission by enhancing root methanogenesis, plant ventilation and/or CH₄ oxidation, resulting in residence times of CH₄ in the porewater in the order of hours.     

Effect of long-term manuring and fertilizers on carbon pools,soil structure,and sustainability under different cropping systems in wet-temperate zone of northwest Himalayas

We investigated C management index (CMI; an indicator of sustainability of a management system and is based on total and labile C) and soil aggregation in medium-textured soils (silt loam and silty clay loam) under different cropping systems as follows: maize-wheat (M-W), rice-wheat (R-W), soybean-wheat (S-W), Guinea grass, and Setaria grass. Field experiments were 6–32 years long and were located in the wet-temperate zone of northwest Himalayas. The plant nutrients were applied through chemical fertilizers (urea, superphosphate, and muriate of potash) with or without organic materials (FYM, wheat straw, and Lantana spp.). The content of total C (C_T), labile C (C_L), CMI, mean weight diameter (MWD), and aggregate porosity varied significantly under different cropping systems. The range was 1.59 (R-W)–4.29% (Setaria) for C_T, 1.23 (R-W)–3.89 mg/kg (Guinea grass) for C_L, 52.09 (R-W)–129.77 (Guinea grass) for CMI, 0.90 (R-W)–5.09 (Guinea grass) for MWD, and 41.5 (R-W)–56.8% (S-W) for aggregate porosity. Aggregate porosity was highest (56.8%) under S-W, followed by grasses (50.1–51.2%), and M/R-W (41.5–50.0%). As per these data, (a) continuous use of N alone as urea lowered soil sustainability over control (no fertilizers); (b) use of NPK at recommended rates improved soil productivity over control; (c) the NPK + organic amendments further improved soil sustainability; and (d) the sustainability under different cropping systems followed the order: perennial grasses > soybean-wheat > maize-wheat > rice-wheat.