Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Effects of herbicides on three vesicular-arbuscular fungi associated with winter wheat (Riticum aestivum L.)

Summary We studied the effects of field application rates of four herbicides (Avenge, Ceridor, Dicurane, and Harrier) on spore germination and infection of wheat roots by three species of Glomus grown under conditions of low P availability. Low concentrations of Ceridor (bifenox, mecoprop) and Harrier (mecoprop, ioxynil, clopyralid) inhibited spore germination while higher concentrations were stimulatory. Avenge (difenzoquat methyl sulphate) prevented spore germination completely, while Dicurane (chlortoluron) had no effect. The herbicide applications had no significant effect on the infection rates of any of the three fungi except Harrier on G. geosporum. The herbicide treatments did, however, affect plant growth and ear yields. Ceridor and Harrier increased ear yields, while Dicurane showed marked phytotoxic effects.     

中国的红树林与酸性硫酸盐土

红树林及由红树林沼泽发育的酸性硫酸盐土在我国约有１０．６万公顷。红树的主要生化特点之一是其化学组成中硫含量很高，平均达０．４％左右，大大高于同地带其它灌木（０．１％左右），这一特征深刻地影响着土壤发生及其性质。当红树林残体被埋藏而分解后，有大量的硫进入土壤，从而使土壤具有含硫层。该层全Ｓ含量多在０．３％以上，表层土壤也在０．２％左右，而一般热带地区酸性土只有０．０４％左右。土壤地下水中ＳＯ＾２－４     

Tests on Cracking Behaviors of Reinforced Concrete Beams Underlong- Term Sulphate Attack

In this paper,six reinforced concrete beams dismounted from their worksites under long-term sulphate attack are studied.The authors analyzed the working properties and cracking moment of the reinforced concrete beams under long-term sulphate attack,suggesting that the reinforced concrete beams under long-term sulphate attack may have more favorable cracking-resistant behavior in some circumstances.     

酸性硫酸盐土壤改良对不同品种水稻生育性状的影响

以珠三角地区主栽的15个常规稻品种为材料,通过盆栽试验,采用双因素完全随机设计,研究酸性硫酸盐土壤(acid sulphate soils,简称ASS)改良前后不同品种水稻产量及其构成因素、分蘖动态、干物质累积量及根系活力等。结果表明,ASS对水稻产生不同程度的胁迫,未改良土壤水稻前期分蘖缓慢,生育期推迟,干物质累积量、有效穗数及穗实粒数均显著降低,最终导致产量大幅下降,且晚稻表现比早稻更为严重。施用碱性改良剂可有效改善水稻生长环境,提高水稻产量,早稻改良后可增产20.4%~780.2%,晚稻改良后增产达167.5%~2 651.5%。不同品种水稻生育性状结果表明,玉香油占、台秀占、粤晶丝苗2号及合丰占等属于耐酸性品种,在土壤未改良条件下生长情况相对其他品种更佳;黄软占、粤综占及粤华丝苗等属于酸敏感性品种,土壤改良后产量相对较高。     

硫肥对油菜的增产效应

在３个地区７个点进行油菜硫肥试验。结果表明，施用硫肥比不施硫肥的油菜生长好，菜籽产量高。土壤ＳＯ—Ｓ含量在２６．０ｍｇｋｇ－１以下，施用硫铵的比对照增产１４．８％—４９．８％，达到极显著或显著水平，施用硫磺比对照增产６．５％—３４．２％，达极显著或显著水平。土壤ＳＯ—Ｓ含量＞４５．０ｍｇｋｇ－１，施硫铵、硫磺和石膏均比不施硫肥的增产，但未达显著水平。     

有机无机复混肥优化化肥养分利用的效应与机理研究III.有机物料与钾肥复混对玉米产量及肥料养分吸收利用的影响

【目的】将有机物料与化学钾肥按不同比例复混制成有机无机复混钾肥,研究其对优化化肥钾的吸收利用效应和机理,可为复混肥的科学应用提供依据。【方法】以味精厂制糖形成的糖渣作为有机原料,与硫酸钾按照3:1、1:1、1:3(w/w)比例复混,采用团粒法制成含钾量分别为K2O 12.2%、24.7%和37.3%的有机无机复混钾肥。采用土柱栽培方法,设置K2O低(75 kg /hm2)、中(150 kg /hm2)、高(225 kg /hm2) 3个施钾水平,每个施钾水平下,采用不同含钾量的有机无机复混钾肥为供试肥料,以硫酸钾为对照,同时设置与钾处理等量的糖渣施用量处理作为对照,以消除有机物料可能带来的影响。以玉米为供试作物,玉米收获后,分别测定叶片、茎鞘、籽粒中的含钾量,并根据生物量计算钾的累积量和化肥钾的利用率。【结果】1)低钾、高钾水平下,复混钾肥比硫酸钾处理分别增产27.75%和10.77%;而中钾水平下,复混钾肥没有表现出明显的增产效果;低钾、中钾和高钾水平,复混钾肥玉米植株籽粒平均产量较硫酸钾增产11.36%。2)低钾、高钾水平下,复混钾肥玉米植株钾素吸收量比硫酸钾处理分别提高31.32%和16.11%;中钾水平下,复混钾肥植株钾素吸收量较硫酸钾处理没有明显增加;有机无机复混钾肥处理在低钾、中钾和高钾水平下的植株平均吸钾量较硫酸钾处理提高11.43%。3)低钾、中钾、高钾水平复混钾肥玉米植株平均吸钾量较等量有机物料处理提高11.92%,而硫酸钾处理较不施钾肥的对照处理(CK)仅提高3.31%,有机物料与钾复混后,显著提高了玉米植株吸钾量。4)低钾、高钾水平下,复混钾肥的平均化肥钾表观利用率比硫酸钾有所提高;中钾投入水平下,复混钾肥处理钾的表观利用率与硫酸钾处理基本相同;低钾、中钾和高钾水平,复混钾肥平均钾素表观利用率比硫酸钾处理提高17.92个百分点。【结论】有机物料与硫酸钾复混,可以优化硫酸钾的肥效和玉米对其中钾的吸收利用。综合考虑玉米产量和钾肥利用率,糖渣与硫酸钾的适宜复混比例可定为1:3(w/w),其施用量在与本试验类似的土壤条件下应低于硫酸钾的施用量。     

Acidic deposition,ecosystem processes,and nitrogen saturation in a high elevation Southern Appalachian watershed

High-elevation red spruce-Fraser fir forests in the Southern Appalachian mountains: 1) receive among the highest rates of atmospheric deposition measured in North America, 2) contain old-growth forests, 3) have shown declines in forest health, 4) have sustained high insect-caused fir mortality, and 5) contain poorly buffered soils and stream systems. High rates of nitrogen and sulphur deposition (1900 and 2200 Eq·ha^–1·yr^–1, respectively) are dominated by dry and cloud deposition processes. Large leaching fluxes of nitrate-nitrogen (100–1400 Eq·ha^–1·yr^–1) occur within the soil profile. We have expanded the study to the watershed scale with monitoring of: precipitation, throughfall, stream hydrology, and stream chemistry. Two streamlets drain the 17.4 ha Noland Divide Watershed (1676–1920m) located in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. A network of 50 20x20 m plots is being used to assess stand structure, biomass, and soil nutrient pools. Nitrate is the predominant anion in the streamlets (weighted concentrations: 47 and 54 eq·L^–1 NO₃ ^–; 31 and 43 eq·L^–1 SO₄ ^2–). Watershed nitrate export is extremely high (1000 Eq·ha^–1 yr^–1), facilitating significant base cation exports. Stream acid neutralizing capacity values are extremely low (–10 to 20 eq·L^–1) and episodic acidifications (pH declines of a full unit in days or weeks time) occur. Annual streamwater sulfate export is on the order of 770 Eq·ha^–1yr^–1 or about one-third of total annual inputs, indicating there is net watershed sulfate retention. The system is highly nitrogen saturated (Stage 2, Stoddard, 1994) and this condition promotes both chronic and episodic stream acidification.     

pH、抗坏血酸对硫酸亚铁化学状态的影响

本研究对不同ｐＨ值下，不同抗坏血酸水平及不同时间内硫酸亚铁溶液中以不同化学状态存在的铁进行了定量分析和研究。结果表明，低ｐＨ有利于硫酸亚铁以溶解、离子化及二价形式存在，ｐＨ的升高则具有相反的作用，特别是随时间的延长更加明显。抗坏血酸的存在可以促进硫酸亚铁的溶解，促进其离子化以及保持离子态铁稳定地以二价形式存在，有效地防止了硫酸亚铁在高ｐＨ环境下的不溶及二价铁被氧化为三价铁。抗坏血酸的这些作用是通过其还原及络合作用实现的。