中国河北省和日本东北部天然野生大豆群体性状调查比较

收集我国河北省１８个天然野生大豆群体４６１份样本和日本东北部４１个天然群体１４４７份样本,调查比较了河北省和日本东北部野生豆天然群体的百粒重、种皮色、花色和胰蛋白酶抑制剂蛋白电泳形态等性状的表型组成。河北天然群体的ＫＴＩ蛋白形态Ｔｉａ频率是８５．５％,Ｔｉｂ频率为１４．５％;６０％以上的群体是Ｔｉａ和Ｔｉｂ混合群体。河北东北部群体都是混合群体,白洋淀湖区群体是Ｔｉａ单态的。表型多样性值显示河北东北部平原和西南半山区有较高的多样性。日本东北部天然群体ＫＴＩ有９６．５％Ｔｉａ和３．５％Ｔｉｂ频率,２２％的群体是Ｔｉａ和Ｔｉｂ混合群体,群体形态组成单一,形态多样性值低于我国河北省群体。     

Comparison between phenetic characterisation using RAPD and ISSR markers and phenotypic data of cultivated chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)

Patterns of phenotypic and phenetic variability in sixPortuguese cultivars of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) are evaluated. Morphological characterisationwas based on the quantification of seventeen traits. Varianceanalysis showed significant differences among cultivars, and cultivar× year for all the traits studied, and trees within cultivarsshowed also some significant differences for some of themorphological variables. A significant correlation was obtainedbetween length of the leaf blade and the percentage of unisexual andandrogynic inflorescence with the effective thermal index,accumulated rainfall from April to October and from July to October,or the accumulated temperature below seven during the dormant period.Principal Component and cluster analysis were performed to group thecultivars, according to their similarity coefficients. For molecularcharacterisation, 125 RAPD and 157 ISSR polymorphic markers wereamplified using 28 and 7 primers respectively. High level ofcongruence among the two marker systems (r =90.5%) was obtained from comparison of pheneticsimilarities based on the percentage of shared fragments. ISSRmarkers revealed important advantages over RAPDs, due to a higheffective multiplex ratio (12.5 for ISSR compared with 2.2 forRAPD analysis) and reproducibility. Although morphological andmolecular results are comparable, slight differences are showed incluster analysis UPGMA dendrograms. Molecular analysis explainedhomonym situations among 'Martainha' and'Longal' cultivars in Portugal.     

观赏向日葵品种北热带地区物候特征、表型性状评价

观赏植物的精准应用有助于提升城市公园品质.对湛江地区14个观赏向日葵Helianthus annuus品种进行夏季田间引种试验,观测、记录和分析其8个物候特征和14个表型性状,结果表明各观赏向日葵品种间物候特征具有差异性,表型变异较为丰富,14个品种聚类为四大类群.进一步探讨了观赏向日葵应用的品种选择、种植调节及配植方...     

大白猪生产和繁殖性状遗传趋势的分析

配合混合模型,用非求导的REML方法（DF-REML）分析估计了大白猪生产和繁殖性状的表型和遗传趋势。165日龄体重、90kg体重平均背膘厚和总产仔数的表型趋势分别为1.64、-0.23和0.11,遗传趋势分别为0.76、-0.14和0.01。结果表明,大白猪品系选择试验的165日龄体重和90kg体重背膘厚两个主选性状的选择是显著有效的,生长速度逐代提高,背膘厚逐代下降。辅助的体型选择使得大白猪体型结构逐渐向结实型发展。产仔数的遗传趋势是弱的有利变化,表明在对生长速度与背膘厚合并选择时,对繁殖性能的影响很小。     

航天诱变紫花苜蓿第一代植株(SP1)表型变异及基因多态性分析

采用正交设计优化紫花苜蓿(Medicagosativa L.)SSR-PCR反应体系,从17对SSR引物中筛选出6对扩增产物具有稳定多态性的引物,检测第1代植株的基因多态性。结果表明:4个紫花苜蓿品种德福(Defi)、德宝(Derby)、阿尔刚金(Algonguin)、三得利(Sanditi)共检测到25个等位基因,每对引物检测出2～8个等位基因,平均为4.17个。结合植株较高、叶色较深、叶片较大、多叶4个表型突变指标,检测经过表型变异筛选的植株等位基因频率及每个位点的多态性信息量(PIC),PIC在0.2216～0.8328之间变化,平均为0.6366。分析多态基因植株与表型变异的相关性,根据检测结果初步确定了13株突变植株,为后继世代遗传变异的多代跟踪及选育奠定基础。     

山西芝麻种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解山西芝麻种质资源遗传多样性,本研究对189份山西芝麻种质资源的10个质量性状和8个数量性状进行遗传多样性分析和聚类分析。结果表明：189份山西芝麻种质资源的表型性状存在较大的遗传差异,质量性状以主茎茸毛量的遗传多样性指数最高,为1.15,以蒴果棱数的变异系数最高,为63.88%;数量性状以节间长度的遗传多样性指数最高,为2.09,以单株产量的变异系数最高,为47.66%;通过聚类分析,将189份山西芝麻种质资源分为4个类群,类群Ⅰ可作为选育八棱、高秆品种的亲本材料,类群Ⅱ为矮秆、短节间特异材料,类群Ⅲ为高产选育目标材料,综合性状较好,可直接作为优异亲本加以利用,类群Ⅳ包含一批单花、高产特异材料。     

水稻苗期模拟干旱胁迫条件下表型性状QTL定位

以耐旱性差异较大的两个亲本珍汕97B（ZS97B）和IRAT109构建的重组自交系（RIL）为试验材料,在正常水分条件和干旱胁迫[浓度为18%的聚乙二醇-6000（PEG-6000）模拟干旱]条件对水稻苗期苗高、根长、苗高生长速率、根长苗高比、叶卷曲进行QTL定位分析,共检测到24个相关的QTL,贡献率变幅在7.35%~39.30%。其中正常条件下检测到13个相关的QTL位点,分布在第1、2、3、5、6、10、12染色体上;干旱胁迫条件下检测到11个相关的QTL位点,分布在第1、3、5、7、10、12染色体上。2种条件下检测到的QTL位点差异很大,表明不同处理条件下相关性状的遗传机制不同。此外,在第1染色体上的RM472~RM104存在控制苗高、苗高生长速率、根长、根长苗高比多个性状的QTL,并且此区间在2种处理条件下能重复检测到控制苗高位点。     

Performance and fitness traits versus phenotypic appearance in the African Ankole Longhorn cattle: A novel approach to identify selection criteria for indigenous breeds

Ankole cattle are well known for their massive white horns and red coat colour. These characteristics are attributed to centuries of cultural breeding practices. Two experiments with traditional cattle keepers were carried out at a governmental Ankole nucleus farm in south-western Uganda to identify phenotypic characteristics as well as production and fitness traits which are important indigenous selection criteria. Forty one body measurements each were taken from 15 bulls and 35 cows and phenotypic characteristics were described in detail. In the first experiment 12 groups of 6 to 8 cattle keepers were invited to rank several groups of 4–5 animals according to their preference for a breeding bull or cow based on phenotype alone. In the second experiment the ranking was based on phenotype and a hypothetical life history that was randomly assigned to each animal on each day of experiment. The history included milk yield (on own performance for cows and that of the dam for bulls), fertility of the animal and its sire as well as events of East Coast Fever. For analysis, Generalized Multinomial Logit Models were fitted. To compare different models the likelihood-based pseudo R square measure was used. The results indicate that, in the selection of cows, performance and fitness traits are emphasized by the cattle keepers while in the selection of bulls, the phenotypic appearance of the animal plays an important role. Individual fertility followed by milk performance are the main criteria for selecting cows, resistance to East Coast Fever was of highest importance in bulls. In both sexes a dark red coat colour was highly rated. The study indicates that the methodology of preference ranking combining phenotype and a hypothetical life history may provide insight into indigenous selection criteria of stock owners elsewhere.     

氮添加和放牧对云雾山草原优势种异速生长模式的影响

氮添加和放牧是影响草地生态系统结构和功能的重要因素.本研究以宁夏云雾山典型草原为研究对象,采用标准化主轴估计和异速生长分析,探究了氮添加和放牧干扰对草地群落中7种优势植物根、茎、叶不同构件的生物量分配对策和异速生长模式(包括异速生长斜率和截距)的影响.结果表明:在封育地,氮添加处理显著提高了物种的叶生物量;而在放牧地,...     

黄土高原半干旱区饲用燕麦种质表型性状遗传多样性分析及综合评价

通过遗传种质的多样性评估,可以指导育种中优异互补亲本的选择,进而提高优异基因的积累叠加和新品种培育的效率,为促进饲用燕麦品种选育提供基础依据。本研究选用45份来自国内外的饲用燕麦种质,通过对20个表型性状的遗传多样性分析,结合二维排序综合评价优异种质资源,结果表明:供试种质材料表型性状遗传多样性丰富,遗传基础广泛;单株粒重的遗传多样性指数(3.86)最高,单株粒数变异系数高达36.98%,所有表型性状均表现出了丰富的变异;主成分分析将10个表型性状转化成可以代表原有指标83.735%信息量的4个主成分,构建出以4个主成分因子为参数的定量评价函数模型,并通过二维排序筛选出Z4(青引1号)、Z5(Bauntebue)、Z6(定燕2号)、Z7(定引1号)、Z12(Jerry)、Z21(Marion)、Z22(Trophy)、Z32(Loevile)等8个因子协调最好的优异种质材料;系统聚类将供试种质划分为3大类群,第Ⅰ、Ⅲ类群可作为选育高产、抗病、抗倒品种的优良亲本,第Ⅱ类群包涵种质地理来源丰富,可作为选育多目标性状的优良亲本。