pH和磷对铅胁迫下芥菜生长和土壤酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究不同pH和磷酸盐浓度对铅污染土壤种植的芥菜生物量和铅吸收的影响,及铅浓度与土壤酶活性的关系.结果表明,芥菜地下部分铅含量明显高于芥菜地上部分.土壤酸化有可能导致土壤中铅的溶出释放,在试验中,土壤pH为5.0时,土壤中铅的释放最多,芥菜生长和土壤酶活性受到的影响最大.土壤中铅与磷酸结合成难溶性的磷酸铅,当土壤中施加的磷浓度为300mg/kg时,土壤中铅的释放量最少,芥菜生长和土壤酶活性受到的影响最小;土壤中铅的释放溶出与土壤酶活性相关性较大,同时二者易受土壤pH和磷含量的影响,因此把土壤中铅的释放溶出与土壤酶活性结合起来作为判断土壤铅污染程度指标更合适.     

Population size and specific potential of P-mineralizing and -solubilizing bacteria under long-term P-deficiency fertilization in a sandy loam soil

The effects of organic manure, mineral fertilizer (NPK), and P-deficiency fertilization (NK) on the individual biomass of young wheat plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization in wheat root systems, population sizes of soil organic phosphorus mineralizing bacteria (OPMB) and inorganic phosphate solubilizing bacteria (IPSB) as well as soil P-mineralization and -solubilization potential were investigated in a long-term (18-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included five treatments: organic manure, an equal mixture of organic manure and mineral fertilizer, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NK, and the control (without fertilization). Plant biomass, population sizes of soil OPMB and IPSB were greatly increased (P<0.05) by the application of organic manure and slightly increased by the balanced application of mineral fertilizer, while undiminished AM colonization in wheat root system was only observed in the case of the NK treatment. Compared to balanced fertilization, P-deficiency fertilization resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) of OPMB-specific mineralization potential (soil P-mineralization potential per OPMB cell) and highest IPSB-specific solubilization potential (soil P-solubilization potential per IPSB cell), suggesting that OPMB and IPSB are likely more metabolically active in P-deficiency fertilized soils after long-term fertilizer management, and mycorrhizal plants are more dependent on AM in P-poor soils than in P-fertilized soils. Our results also showed the different effects of mineral fertilizer versus organic manure on soil P-mineralization and -solubilization potentials, as well as specific potentials of OPMB and IPSB in arable soils.     

Transformation of Phosphorus in Forest and Savannah Agro-Ecological Alfisols incubated with Different Phosphorus Fertilizers,in Ekiti state,Southwestern Nigeria

Experiments on incubation with phosphorus (P) changes in two Nigerian Alfisols, were evaluated on the effectiveness of P sources (ground phosphate rock, GRP-9% P, Pace-setter Organo-Mineral Fertilizer (PR-fortified P-S-OM, 11% P and single superphosphate, SSP-7.7% P, for reference). All samples were adjusted to water tension measured at M Ψ w = 0.03 MPa. Changes in applied P were evaluated at 2, 6, 12 and 24 weeks after which data were analyzed using analysis of variance and correlations. Over 24 weeks of incubation, SSP transformed mostly into iron (Fe)-bound P and GPR produced the highest inorganic phosphate ions and transformed largely into the soluble and more chemically stable residual P, in both soils. This fraction, had high and positive correlations (r = 0.69, p < 0.05) with soil properties and constituted a major source and sinks of plant available P. Thus, GPR contributing beneficial effects of residual phosphates.     

复合磷酸盐抑制酸奶中霉菌生长的应用

研究了复合磷酸盐在酸奶中对发酵剂酸化速率和产品品质的影响,以及复合磷酸盐最适添加量抑制霉菌生长的效果。结果表明,复合磷酸盐添加量0.02%和0.04%对发酵剂酸化速率影响不明显,并且对产品品质没有影响,但是对酸奶中霉菌生长具有明显的抑制作用。因此,在酸奶生产中添加适量复合磷酸盐可以有效提升酸奶产品货架期。     

Effect of ABA,arginine and sucrose on protein content of date palm somatic embryos

Abscisic acid (ABA), arginine and sucrose were evaluated for their effects on the morphology, germination rates and protein content of date palm somatic embryos (SE). Different concentrations of these supplements in the culture medium were used. The comparative study of SE length and thickness between treated and untreated SE revealed no differences, except for ABA (20 μM), which increased thickness. A decrease of water content (WC) in favor of an increase in dry weight (DW) was observed in all treated SE, especially with sucrose (90 g l⁻¹) and ABA (20 μM). Only ABA (20 and 4 μM) caused a proliferation rate of the cultures higher than those in the control. Although all the tested compounds increased protein content, ABA (20 μM) was more effective in protein enrichment than arginine and sucrose treatments. The SDS-PAGE protein profiles showed a significant difference between treated and untreated SE. A protein band of 22 kDa, identified as glutelin in a previous work, was accumulated after treatment with 20 μM ABA or 3 mM arginine. These findings may contribute to further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the accumulation of specific storage proteins in several plants.     

生猪废水处理和磷回收工艺中抗生素和耐药细菌的削减特征

调查生猪废水处理和磷回收工艺中,厌氧消化、氧化池、磷回收流化床和潜流人工湿地对水质参数、抗生素、耐药细菌和病原菌丰度削减的贡献。结果表明,在水质指标方面,厌氧消化对COD的去除率最大,为40.28%;人工湿地对TP和NH_4~+-N的去除率最大,分别达到53.33%和67.74%;流化床对TP的去除率为49.94%。在抗生素吸附和降解方面,厌氧消化、流化床和人工湿地对土霉素(OTC)和环丙沙星(CIP)具有较大幅度的去除,去除率范围分别为32.27%～63.77%和40.44%～44.11%;厌氧消化、氧化池和人工湿地对磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)具有中等幅度的去除,去除率范围为18.10%～28.52%。在耐药细菌方面,厌氧消化作为一级处理工艺对各类型耐药细菌均具有最大去除率(50%);同样作为三级处理工艺,人工湿地能进一步削减耐药细菌的数量,而流化床出水中以奇异变形杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和宋内氏志贺氏菌为主的耐药细菌数量出现反弹。微生物群落分析发现,人工湿地在降低病原细菌丰度方面优势显著。研究表明,设置潜流人工湿地承接流化床出水可进一步深化处理生猪废水。     

不同施肥模式对早稻季农田氮磷径流流失的影响

为探究湖南双季稻区早稻季防控稻田氮、磷养分流失污染的施肥模式,通过田间试验,设置了不施氮磷肥处理(CK)和常规施肥(CF)、有机肥替代(OM)、控释肥减施(CRF)、绿肥还田(GM)4种施肥模式,研究了不同施肥模式对稻田氮、磷养分径流流失的影响。结果表明:相较于常规施肥模式,有机肥替代、绿肥还田和控释肥减施模式稻田总氮径流流失量分别减少了12.80%、16.62%、28.55%,各施肥处理早稻总氮素流失率大小表现为:常规施肥有机肥替代绿肥还田控释肥减施,氮素流失形态主要以可溶性氮为主,占流失总氮的80.48%~91.96%,可溶性氮中以铵态氮为主。控释肥减施和绿肥还田模式均能减少稻田磷素径流损失量,与常规施肥模式相比,总磷径流流失量分别减少了6.26%和28.30%;有机肥替代模式稻田总磷径流损失量较常规施肥模式增加26.33%;各施肥处理早稻总磷流失率表现为:有机肥替代常规施肥绿肥还田控释肥减施,磷素流失形态前期以颗粒态磷流失为主,后期以可溶态磷为主。在4种施肥模式中,控释肥减施和绿肥还田模式能降低稻田氮磷径流流失量,在南方双季稻区推广这两种施肥模式可有效防控农田氮、磷流失污染风险。     

2CMG-4型马铃薯播种机排肥试验研究

随着马铃薯种植规模的不断扩大,马铃薯种植机械化得到了快速发展。2CMG-4型马铃薯播种机性能优越、作业效率高、故障率低,因而对其排肥性能进行了研究,并进行了排肥稳定性和最大排肥量的试验。当地轮转动相同圈数,外槽轮工作长度分别取55、40、25mm时,总排量一致性变异系数分别为1.13%、1.14%、1.21%,各行排量一致性变异系数分别为2.27%、3.56%、3.97%。结果表明:排肥稳定性在规定的性能指标内;当外槽轮工作长度降低时,稳定性下降;最大排肥量为1 038.5kg/hm2,满足需求。     

坡地赤红壤不同利用模式对土壤磷和酶的影响

试验采用广东东莞花岗岩发育的坡地赤红壤为样品进行研究表明 :在坡地赤红壤的 4种利用模式中 ,旱地种植花生 ,荔枝可以有效地改善土壤的酸性 ,提高土壤肥力 ;提高土壤Al-P和Fe -P的含量 ,减少O -P的所占的比例 ,提高坡地赤红壤磷酸盐的有效性 ;增加土壤表层的脲酶和蛋白酶的活性 ,可能使土壤的磷酸酶的活性降低     

种植沉水植物和疏浚底泥对氮磷营养水平的影响

通过对五里湖沉积物进行不同疏浚深度(30 cm和60 cm)沉水植物恢复实验研究,结果表明:对于未种植水草的疏浚沉积物来说,疏浚并不能很好地降低水体中氮磷水平,在一定时间内,氮磷水平有恢复增加的可能;种植菹草的疏浚沉积物,除在开始阶段氮磷水平有所增加外,随时间的延长,对上覆水中的氮磷有很好的控制。所以将底泥疏浚与沉水植物的恢复相结合起来,在控制湖泊内源污染方面将达到更好的效果。