苯酚降解菌的研究进展

苯酚是一种原型质毒物,对一切生活个体都有毒杀作用,且具有“三致”效应.概述了苯酚这一污染物的污染现状,筛选出的苯酚降解菌的种类及降解特性,从而为高效适用型苯酚降解菌的筛选提供借鉴.     

pH值对酚醛甲阶树脂固化速率的影响

利用碱土金属镁的氧化物或氢氧化物作为酚醛树脂缩聚反应的催化剂,制成酚醛甲阶树脂,通过加入酸度调节剂,探讨了pH值对酚醛甲阶树脂的固化特性的影响。结果表明:与氢氧化钠-酚醛树脂不同,对于镁-酚醛树脂,加入合适的酸度调节剂可以使树脂固化速度加快,聚合时间明显缩短。在中性或接近中性条件下,树脂在150℃的聚合时间基本在35~60s之间。     

Seasonal variations in enzyme activity and organic carbon in soil of a burned and unburned hardwood forest

This study examined variations in soil organic C content and the activity of acid phosphatase, α-glucosidase, phenol oxidase, chitinase, and l-glutaminase in ultisols of burned and unburned areas in Quercus-dominated forests in Ohio, USA. The low intensity, prescribed fires were conducted in April 2001, with temperature 10 cm above the forest floor averaging 160-240 °C. Sampling was conducted throughout the six month growing season (May-October) of 2003, two years after the fire. Organic C content in these ultisols varied between 20 and 30 g C/kg soil, and varied little through the growing season, except for a late season increase to ∼32 g C/kg soil in the burned areas. When enzyme activity was expressed per unit soil organic C, there was no statistically significant variation among sample dates in soil enzyme activity except l-glutaminase, which demonstrated a distinct maximum in activity in spring. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination resulted in no clear separation of burned and unburned sample areas based on soil organic C and enzyme activity. When the growing season was divided into three segments (early spring, late spring/early summer, and late summer/early autumn), there was again a lack of separation between burned and unburned areas in the earlier two segments, whereas in the late summer/early autumn segment the burned and unburned areas were clearly separated on the basis of differences in soil organic C and l-glutaminase activity. As environmental factors (e.g. soil temperature, moisture) and substrate availability do not vary in parallel through the growing season in this region, seasonal patterns often differ among enzyme systems based on their predominant control mechanism. Sampling time during the growing season appears to have little effect on holistic judgments of fire effects based on soil enzymes, except under restrictive conditions.     

棉花黄萎病不同抗性品种接菌前后体内酶活性及酚类物质含量的变化

研究了对黄萎病不同抗性棉花品种在接菌前后酶活性与酚类物质含量的变化。结果表明 :棉花对黄萎病的抗性与棉株组织中的过氧化物酶 (POD)、多酚氧化酶 (PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性及酚类物质 (主要为二元酚 )含量密切相关。不同抗感黄萎病棉花品种接种病原菌后 ,4个指标都有不同程度地提高 ,并于接种后 3～ 5d内出现峰值 ,峰值高低与抗性程度呈正相关     

焦化废水中降解酚优势菌分离鉴定

[目的]对焦化废水中酚的生物降解进行了研究,以培养降解酚优势菌为主要研究对象,进行分离筛选、分子鉴定.[方法]选取中煤龙华哈尔滨煤化工有限公司废水处理系统中的活性污泥作为菌种主要来源,取活性污泥的菌悬液投入到酚浓度为200 mg/L的溶液中,恒温振荡培养,每次提高酚浓度200 mg/L,至1 000 mg/L.[结果]将驯化的菌悬液平板涂布获得单个菌落.[结论]经过分子鉴定为Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279.     

北京低山区栓皮栎林和油松林土壤酶活性研究

为探讨不同林分对土壤有机质分解过程的影响,以北京低山区栓皮栎林、油松林以及栓皮栎油松混交林土壤为研究对象,基于目前国际通用的土壤酶测试方法,对与土壤有机碳、氮和磷转化相关的酶活性及土壤pH、有机碳、有机氮等影响因素进行了研究.结果表明:在0～5cm土层中,栓皮栎林土壤纤维二糖酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、蛋白酶、脲酶的活性显著高于油松林,而油松林土壤过氧化物酶和磷酸酶的活性则显著高于混交林和栓皮栎林;在5～10cm土层中,除土壤脲酶外,不同林分类型的土壤酶活性无显著差异.相关分析表明,土壤pH与过氧化物酶和磷酸酶的活性呈显著性负相关,而土壤纤维二糖酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、酚氧化酶、几丁质酶、蛋白酶、脲酶的活性与土壤有机碳、溶解性有机碳、土壤全氮以及溶解性有机氮含量之间存在极显著或显著的正相关关系.研究认为,栓皮栎林与油松林的混交,有利于土壤酶活性以及有机物质分解过程的调节.     

Microbial community response to nitrogen deposition in northern forest ecosystems

The productivity of temperate forests is often limited by soil N availability, suggesting that elevated atmospheric N deposition could increase ecosystem C storage. However, the magnitude of this increase is dependent on rates of soil organic matter formation as well as rates of plant production. Nonetheless, we have a limited understanding of the potential for atmospheric N deposition to alter microbial activity in soil, and hence rates of soil organic matter formation. Because high levels of inorganic N suppress lignin oxidation by white rot basidiomycetes and generally enhance cellulose hydrolysis, we hypothesized that atmospheric N deposition would alter microbial decomposition in a manner that was consistent with changes in enzyme activity and shift decomposition from fungi to less efficient bacteria. To test our idea, we experimentally manipulated atmospheric N deposition (0, 30 and 80 kg NO₃⁻-N) in three northern temperate forests (black oak/white oak (BOWO), sugar maple/red oak (SMRO), and sugar maple/basswood (SMBW)). After one year, we measured the activity of ligninolytic and cellulolytic soil enzymes, and traced the fate of lignin and cellulose breakdown products (¹³C-vanillin, catechol and cellobiose).In the BOWO ecosystem, the highest level of N deposition tended to reduce phenol oxidase activity (131±13 versus 104±5 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹) and peroxidase activity (210±26 versus 190±21 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹) and it reduced ¹³C-vanillin and ¹³C-catechol degradation and the incorporation of ¹³C into fungal phospholipids (p<0.05). Conversely, in the SMRO and SMBW ecosystems, N deposition tended to increase phenol oxidase and peroxidase activities and increased vanillin and catechol degradation and the incorporation of isotope into fungal phospholipids (p<0.05). We observed no effect of experimental N deposition on the degradation of ¹³C-cellulose, although cellulase activity showed a small and marginally significant increase (p<0.10). The ecosystem-specific response of microbial activity and soil C cycling to experimental N addition indicates that accurate prediction of soil C storage requires a better understanding of the physiological response of microbial communities to atmospheric N deposition.     

中华绒螯蟹酚氧化酶的初步研究

初步研究结果表明,在中华绒螯蟹成蟹血淋巴中均检测出酚氧化酶的活性,为1.608±1.410个活力单位,而在中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体组织匀浆上清液中亦检测到酚氧化酶的活性,为1.625±0.057个活力单位。     

Strength,decay and termite resistance of oriented kenaf fiberboards

The development of oriented fiberboards made from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and their suitability as a construction material has been investigated. Three different types of boards consisting of five layers with individual orientations were prepared using a combination of low molecular weight and high molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin for impregnation and adhesion purposes. Additional boards with the same structure were prepared using high molecular weight PF resin only. The mechanical properties of the boards have been examined as well as their resistance against fungal decay and termite attack. All kenaf fiberboards showed elevated mechanical properties compared with medium-density fiberboard made from wood fibers, and showed increased decay and termite resistance. Differences in the decay and termite resistance between the board types were caused by the presence of the low molecular weight PF resin for the impregnation of the fibers. No significant difference was found for the mechanical properties. The effect of the PF resin for impregnation was much clearer in fungal decay resistance than for termite resistance; however, fiber orientation had no effect on both decay and termite resistance of the specimens.     

表面改性活性炭对苯酚及苯磺酸吸附的研究

用稀硝酸和氢气对活性炭试样进行了表面改性处理。测定试样的孔隙性能、表面化学性能，以及试样对苯酚、苯磺酸水溶液的吸附等温线得知，经表面改性处理后，活性炭的孔隙性能无明显变化，而表面化学性能及对苯酚和苯磺酸的吸附等温线却发生了显著变化．从而说明了活性炭表面化学性质对吸附的影响。