枯斑拟盘多毛孢菌的生物学特性研究

 实验表明引起松赤枯病的桔斑盘多毛孢菌(Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Stey)菌丝生长的适宜温度为19℃-25℃,最适温度斑22℃。在PDA、CDA加酵母粉及麦芽膏琼胶培养基上生长发育良好。孢子萌发最适温度为22℃,相对湿度低于85%时不萌发。孢子萌发率在自来水中为17%,在寄主表面为8%,在麦芽膏营养液内为73%。95%相对湿度条件下在寄主枝条上产孢数量最多。病菌在光照下方能产生子实体,3600Å波长的光线对产孢具有促进作用。病菌对水培及盆栽的寄主枝叶具侵染作用。多菌灵、代森锌锰、抑菌灵、Prochloraz和lprodione五种药剂均对菌丝生长有抑制作用,其抑菌中量及完全抑菌最低剂量分别为:多菌灵0.0352,0.1075ppm;Prochloraz 0.0071,0.1102ppm;lprodione 3.2917,110.1827ppm;代森锌锰37.5238,98.4069ppm;抑菌灵抑菌中量为11.6580ppm。药剂对孢子萌发的抑菌中量和完全抑菌最低剂量为抑菌灵0.7877,4.4791ppm;Prochloraz2.4434,10.0511ppm;代森锌锰20.1575,120.5289ppm。     

大叶黄杨灰斑病病原菌鉴定、生物学特性及五种杀菌剂对其抑制作用

为明确大叶黄杨灰斑病病原菌种类、生物学特性和对杀菌剂的敏感性,采用组织分离法获得大叶黄杨灰斑病病原菌,利用形态特征和分子生物学对其进行鉴定,系统研究该病原菌的生物学特性,并用生长速率法测定了80%代森锰锌、80%代森锌、70%百菌清、50%多菌灵和430 g/L戊唑醇5种杀菌剂对该病原菌生长的抑制效果。致病性测定结果表明,从感病植株分离所得菌株能在大叶黄杨叶片上成功定殖并扩展,且从发病部位分离得到的菌株与原接种菌株相同。通过病原菌的宏观形态、显微结构和ITS序列分析,确定该病原菌为斑污拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis maculans;当葡萄糖为碳源、蛋白胨为氮源时,菌丝日生长速度最快,分别为4.08、4.90 mm/d;当温度为21～28℃、pH为7时,菌丝日生长速度最快,分别为5.07～5.16 mm/d和5.21 mm/d;50%多菌灵对该菌的抑制效果最好,抑制中浓度EC50最小,为0.06μg/mL。     

短波紫外线和低温处理对采后芒果蒂腐病病原菌抑菌效果和生理指标的影响

以‘台农一号’芒果为材料,研究不同剂量短波紫外线和贮藏温度对采后芒果蒂腐病病原菌（Pestalotiopsis mangiferae）病斑直径、总酚和类黄酮含量、丙二醛、可溶性蛋白质及过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明：4.9 kJ/m ²辐照能显著抑制病斑直径的扩展,诱导总酚、类黄酮含量的升高,降低可溶性蛋白质的消耗,提高过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活性的活力,抑制丙二醛的生成;9.8 kJ/m ²辐照会破坏植物细胞损伤,削弱类黄酮、可溶性蛋白质、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶上的诱导作用。与25 ℃相比,13 ℃下贮藏可抑制病斑直径的扩展,维持较高的总酚、类黄酮含量,抑制丙二醛的生成,延迟过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活力的达到峰值的时间。4.9 kJ/m ²,13 ℃的处理对芒果蒂腐病抑制和品质维持最好。     

响应面法优化杜仲黑斑病菌生防芽胞杆菌的发酵参数

本研究以分离自杜仲叶片且对杜仲黑斑病菌Pestalotiopsis trachicarpicola有良好拮抗作用的解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens J1为试验对象,使用单因素试验和响应面法对其发酵参数进行优化,以期提高其菌体量和对杜仲黑斑病菌的抗菌活性。结果表明,最优发酵条件为pH=6.2、摇床转速179 r/min、培养温度32.6℃、接种量4%、装液量100 mL/250 mL,在此条件下测定的OD_(600)平均值为1.747,与模型预测值相对误差约为1%,响应面法所得结果可靠,模型有效,具有实际应用价值。     

核桃Pestalotiopsis sp．真菌病害化学药剂防治

Pestofotiopsis sp．感染核桃引发的真菌病害是影响大理州核桃产业发展的主要真菌病害类型。经过连续3年的化学防治试验,结果表明用10％苯醚甲环唑可分散粒剂1500倍液和腈菌唑5％高渗乳油2000倍液对Pesta-lotiopsissp．为害的枝、叶、果均可取得良好的防治效果,二者差异不显著;70％甲基托布津粉剂1000倍液仅对果实病害的防治有明显效果,对枝、叶的防治效果则较差。     

杨梅枝条枯萎病病原菌分离鉴定及防治药剂的室内筛选

为了查明浙江省温州市瑞安大面积杨梅枝条枯死的主要原因,采用组织分离法对枯死的杨梅枝条进行病原分离,获得1种主要真菌分离物HN01。根据分离物的培养性状、孢子大小,结合显微镜检测和分子生物学ITs序列测定,该菌株被鉴定为聚多拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis sydowiana)。对菌株进行柯赫氏法则验证,证明聚多拟盘多毛孢是导致杨梅枝条枯死的病原菌。筛选4种杀菌剂对该病原菌进行室内毒力测定,结果50%咪鲜胺可湿性粉剂的防效较好,EC50 值为1.21 mg/L。     

Multihydroxylation of ursolic acid by Pestalotiopsis microspora isolated from the medicinal plant Huperzia serrata

The structural modification of ursolic acid by an endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis microspora, isolated from medicinal plant Huperzia serrata was reported for the first time. The structure diversity was very important for the SAR study of ursolic acid and its derivatives. Incubation of ursolic acid 1 with P. microspora afforded four metabolites: 3-oxo-15α, 30-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (2), 3β, 15α-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (3), 3β, 15α, 30- trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (4) and 3,4-seco-ursan-4,30-dihydroxy-12-en-3,28-dioic acid (5). All products were new compounds and their structures elucidation was mainly based on the spectroscopic data.     

Anti-Inflammatory Polyketide Derivatives from the Sponge-Derived Fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. SWMU-WZ04-2

Five undescribed polyketide derivatives, pestaloketides A–E (1–5), along with eleven known analogues (6–16), were isolated from the sponge-derived fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were elucidated by analyses of NMR spectroscopic HRESIMS data and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 5, 6, 9, and 14 exhibited weak cytotoxicities against four human cancer cell lines, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 22.1 to 100 μM. Pestaloketide A (1) is an unusual polyketide, featuring a rare 5/10/5-fused ring system. Pestaloketides A (1) and B (2) exhibited moderately inhibited LPS-induced NO production activity, with IC₅₀ values of 23.6 and 14.5 μM, respectively, without cytotoxicity observed. Preliminary bioactivity evaluations and molecular docking analysis indicated that pestaloketides A (1) and B (2) had the potential to be developed into anti-inflammatory activity drug leads.     

茶轮斑病菌与灰斑病菌的特性比较及致病观察

对Pestalotiopsis属的P.theae和P.guepinii菌侵染茶叶后的症状表现、菌落、形态特征和病菌生物学特性作比较观察。结果表明:发病初期二病症状差别不大,后期明显区分,轮斑病斑褐色具轮纹,着生明显凸起的黑点;灰斑病斑灰白,散生小黑点。前者菌落具轮纹,分生孢子附属丝2～4条;后者菌落波状隆起,分生孢子附属丝2～5条。2种菌孢子萌发适温25℃,萌发率分别为87.5%和86.1%。茶汁能促进孢子萌发和产孢。强光照对孢子萌发、菌丝生长及产孢皆有明显抑制作用。P.theae菌丝生长适温为26～28℃,P.guepinii菌则为24～25℃;以PDA培养基最适2者菌丝生长,PSA+200g/L茶叶煎汁培养基利于产孢。P.theae菌适宜pH值为6.0,P.guepinii菌则为7.5。用2种菌孢子茶汁悬液结合磨擦对新梢不同叶龄作涂抹接种。结果显示:伤口利于侵染,P.theae菌孢子可直接从芽、嫩叶侵入,也侵染损伤的成叶;P.guepinii菌孢子只能从损伤的芽、嫩叶和成叶侵染。     

红海榄赤斑病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

 本文对来自红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)赤斑病同一病斑上获得的2个菌株PⅠ-1和PⅡ-3进行了鉴定和生物学特性研究。结果表明,PⅡ-3菌株的致病力比PⅠ-1的稍强;2个菌株均具有一定的寄主专化性。经形态特征观察与rDNA-ITS序列分析,2个菌株均鉴定为异色拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis versicolor)。生物学特性测定结果表明,温度、pH值和光照对2个菌株菌丝生长及孢子萌发的影响差异不大,生长温度均为10~32℃(最适25℃),pH值为3.0~10.9(最适4.0);孢子萌发温度均为10~35℃(最适25~28℃),pH值为2.5~8.0(最适3.0);黑暗条件有利于2个菌株菌丝生长和孢子萌发。但2个菌株的产孢特性存在明显差异,其中PⅠ-1产孢的最适温度为28℃而PⅡ-3为20℃;PⅠ-1产孢的最适pH值为5.1而PⅡ-3为9.0;PⅠ-1产孢对光照不敏感,而PⅡ-3在黑暗条件下几乎不产孢。另外,在相似条件下,PⅠ-1产孢量比PⅡ-3大,而PⅡ-3菌丝生长速度比PⅠ-1快,孢子萌发率也比PⅠ-1高。由此可见,2个菌株PⅠ-1和PⅡ-3虽属于同一个种,但某些生物学特性存在一定的差异。