白术叶枯病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

为明确引起贵州省白术叶枯病的病原菌及该菌的生物学特性,从白术感病叶片组织上分离、纯化病原菌,经致病性测定后根据其形态特征进行鉴定,并测定其在不同培养条件下的生物学特性.研究结果表明:引起白术叶枯病的病原菌为小孢拟盘多毛孢[Pestalotiopsis microspora(Speg.)Satista & Peres.],该菌菌丝最适生长温度为25～30℃,最适pH值5～6;菌丝生长最佳培养基为PDA培养基;最佳碳源为蔗糖,肌醇不适于该菌生长;最佳氮源是牛肉浸膏;全光照有利于该菌生长.     

Heterocornols from the Sponge-Derived Fungus Pestalotiopsis heterocornis with Anti-Inflammatory Activity

One strain-many compounds (OSMAC) manipulation of the sponge-derived fungus Pestalotiopsis heterocornis XWS03F09 resulted in the production of new secondary metabolites. The chemical study of the fermentation, cultivated on 3% artificial sea salt in the rice media, led to the isolation of twelve compounds, including eight new polyketide derivatives, heterocornols Q–X (1–8), one new ceramide (9), and three known analogues (10–12). The structures and absolute configurations of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic data and calculated ECD analysis. Heterocornols Q (1) and R (2) are novel 6/5/7/5 tetracyclic polyketide derivatives featuring dihydroisobenzofuran and benzo-fused dioxabicyclo [4.2.1] nonane system, which might be derived from the acetyl-CoA by epoxidation, polyene cyclization, and rearrangement to form the core skeleton. Compound 12 showed moderate or weak antimicrobial activities against with MIC values ranging from 25 to 100 μg/mL. Heterocornols T and X (7 and 8) could inhibit the production of LPS-induced NO significantly, comparable to dexamethasone. Further Western blotting analysis showed 7 and 8 markedly suppressed the iNOS protein expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The result showed that 7 and 8 might serve as potential leads for development of anti-inflammatory activity.     

棕竹灰斑病病原菌生物学特性及化学防治研究

[目的]研究棕竹灰斑病菌[Pestalotiopsis palmarum（Cke.）Stey.]的生物学特性并对其杀菌剂进行筛选。[方法]采集具有典型症状的病害标本,根据柯赫氏法则分离病原物和病原菌纯化后进行病原菌鉴定及生物学特性测定。同时,测定了4种供试杀菌剂在3种不同浓度下对病原菌的抑菌作用。[结果]菌丝生长最适温度、pH、碳源、氮源分别为25℃、pH 6、葡萄糖、硝酸钾;黑暗条件有利于菌丝的生长,而光照条件则有利于孢子的产生。供试药剂中以70%甲基托布津和50%使百功防效最为明显,分别在2 000和500μg/m l时防效高达100%。[结论]为棕竹灰斑病的防治提供了理论依据。     

‘芽黄’红瑞木枝干溃疡病病原菌的鉴定及药剂防治

‘芽黄’红瑞木枝干溃疡病在上海发生严重。本研究通过病原菌分离,致病性测定和形态学特征观察,将引起此病害的病原菌鉴定为拟盘多毛孢属一种Pestalotiopsissp.。通过扩增病原菌的rDNA-ITS序列,构建系统发育树,其在系统发育树上与拟盘多毛孢属中分生孢子中间三个细胞异色的类群处于同一分支,此结果与形态学鉴定结果一致。5种杀菌剂室内药剂筛选结果表明,对Pestalotiopsis sp.的抑制中浓度(EC50)为0.639~1.787μg/mL。4种杀菌剂室外药效试验结果表明,在发病初期,25%丙环唑乳油和25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治效果可达80%以上,当病害发展后,供试4种杀菌剂对病害的防治效果均小于50%。     

Factors affecting sporulation of Pestalotiopsis disseminata causing grey blight disease of Persea bombycina Kost., the primary food plant of muga silkworm

The effect of inoculum concentrations, temperature, relative humidity (RH), incubation period and leaf age on sporulation of Pestalotiopsis disseminata and the development of grey blight disease on som (Persea bombycina Kost.) were studied in controlled environmental conditions. These factors had a significant role on spore germination and germ tube development of P. disseminata, the causal organism of the disease. The optimum inoculum concentration of the pathogen were found to be 1 × 10⁷ spores ml⁻¹ for maximum infection percentage. A nonlinear relationship was found between temperature and germination percentage of spores at a given relative humidity (RH). However, 25 °C (±2) temperature and 70% RH were the optimum parameters for better spore germination of the pathogen. Young leaves (leaf no. 1–4 from the top) were more susceptible for development of the diseases in a controlled environment than the older leaves. The germination of spores started at 8 h of incubation and gradually increased up to 20 h (maximum). The disease severity was favoured in the optimum range of temperature (25 ± 2 °C) and RH (70%) which had a combined effect. These epidemiological parameters could help in the management practices of the disease.     

Progress in Isoindolone Alkaloid Derivatives from Marine Microorganism: Pharmacology,Preparation, and Mechanism

Compound 1 (SMTP-7, also FGFC1), an isoindolone alkaloid from marine fungi Starchbotrys longispora FG216 and fungi Stachybotrys microspora IFO 30018, possessed diverse bioactivities such as thrombolysis, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, and so on. It may be widely used for the treatment of various diseases, including cerebral infarction, stroke, ischemia/reperfusion damage, acute kidney injury, etc. Especially in cerebral infarction, compound 1 could reduce hemorrhagic transformation along with thrombolytic therapy, as the traditional therapies are accompanied with bleeding risks. In the latest studies, compound 1 selectively inhibited the growth of NSCLC cells with EGFR mutation, thus demonstrating its excellent anti-cancer activity. Herein, we summarized pharmacological activities, preparation of staplabin congeners—especially compound 1—and the mechanism of compound 1, with potential therapeutic applications.     

Pestalotiopsis canker of cypress in Israel

The occurrence of a new type of canker on stems and branches of cypress trees(Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Israel is reported.Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Steyaert was isolated from the cankers. Its pathogenicity was confirmed by formation of typical disease symptoms in inoculated plants and reisolation of that fungus from the cankers. Canker development was significantly enhanced when extreme water stress (water potential of -4.7 MPa) was imposed prior to inoculation.     

雪松叶枯病病原菌及其生物学特性

１９８７－１９８９年连续３年观察了雪松叶枯病的症状特点，分离培养出致病的病原菌，根据其分生孢子形态，鉴定为柳杉拟盘多毛孢菌该菌分生明发适温为２５－３０℃，相对湿度为９８％－１００％，ｐＨ值为４－６。在１０％雪松汁液中萌发率最高。在ＰＤＡ培养基上生长最好，在查彼氏，麦芽糖上生长较好，在甘露糖，黄豆培养基上生长一般，在乳糖上生长差。     

龙船花赤枯病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性测定

采用离体接种法对龙船花叶部病害的一种真菌进行了鉴定和生物学特性测定。结果表明,致病性测定与田间症状相似。通过对病原菌形态学、rDNA-ITS和β-微管蛋白序列的综合分析,确定该病原菌为龙船花拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis ixorae)。生物学特性测定表明,菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发最适温度为25℃,最适pH分别为6和7;光照更有利于菌丝生长;碳源以可溶性淀粉和D-甘露糖、氮源以硝酸钠最利于菌丝生长;分生孢子在液态水中萌发率最高,为85.3%;菌丝致死温度为50℃10 min,分生孢子致死温度为50℃20 min或55℃5 min。     

水杨酸诱导山茶抗灰斑病的作用及生理生化响应

采用载玻片萌发法测定水杨酸(SA)对山茶灰斑病菌的影响。浓度为0～5mmol.L-1的SA对山茶灰斑病菌的孢子萌发没有抑制作用,其诱发抗病性可持续10～15天,诱导最佳间隔期为3天。用SA喷雾涂布叶片诱导山茶抗性,植株内丙二醛、木质素、可溶性蛋白含量等生化指标对山茶灰斑病菌诱导信号有不同响应。MDA含量在一定时间范围内减少,膜脂的过氧化程度降低,但随着处理时间的延长,这种诱导抗性的作用逐渐减弱,且在不同浓度处理间存在差异,在诱导并挑战接种的处理中,各处理表现为初期低于对照、后期缓慢上升;诱导并挑战接种的处理中,木质素含量的变化趋势与只诱导处理基本相似,高浓度诱导的木质素积累量大于低浓度;诱导并挑战接种处理的可溶性蛋白含量与只诱导处理也表现出相同的变化规律,诱导并挑战接种处理的可溶性蛋白含量比只诱导的处理和对照高。生化反应与病情指数的相关性分析表明:MDA、木质素含量与病情指数达到显著水平(P<0.05)。