Dietary calcium requirement in fishes

The dietary requirement of calcium (Ca) has been well established in terrestrial animals. However, investigations for dietary Ca requirement in fish are complicated and reports limited as fish can use waterborne Ca in addition to dietary Ca. Ca absorption in fishes from environmental water is species specific and depends on concentration of Ca in rearing environment and availability of dietary Ca. Ca and phosphorus are generally combined together in fish body therefore maintaining a dietary calcium: phosphorus ratio is important. Ca exists in a complex form in fish meal, which is not available to fishes; hence, although fish meal contains an appreciable amount of calcium, dietary Ca supplementation in fish meal‐based diets for some species is necessary. This review article summarizes and discusses pertinent information on absorption of Ca from water, essentiality of dietary Ca, bioavailability of Ca from different sources, optimum calcium:phosphorus ratio and dietary Ca requirement in fishes.     

水稻-油菜轮作条件下磷肥效应研究

【目的】采用田间裂区试验研究不同磷肥用量对水稻-油菜轮作体系中作物产量、磷素吸收量以及磷肥当季利用率和残留利用率的影响,评估水稻季不同磷肥用量对油菜的后效大小,探讨周年轮作内磷肥的分配,为水稻-油菜周年轮作体系下油菜季磷肥管理提供科学依据。【方法】采用水稻-油菜周年轮作田间试验,前季水稻包含4个不同的磷肥水平,分别为P0（0 kg P2O5•hm-2）、P30（30 kg P2O5•hm-2）、P60（60 kg P2O5•hm-2）和P90（90 kg P2O5•hm-2）,后季油菜在水稻季试验基础上采用裂区试验,每个小区裂区为施磷（60 kg P2O5•hm-2）和不施磷（0 kg P2O5•hm-2）2个副区,研究不同施磷条件下水稻-油菜轮作体系中作物产量、磷素吸收量、磷肥当季利用率和残留利用率,以及水稻季不同磷肥用量对后季油菜产量和磷素吸收量的影响,并引入“后效磷量”的概念评估水稻季磷肥后效。【结果】水稻季施磷60 kg P2O5•hm-2时水稻产量最高,磷肥当季利用率最大,分别为9 694 kg•hm-2和19.2%,施磷不足或者过量均会降低油菜的产量和磷肥当季利用率。与油菜季不施磷处理相比,油菜当季施磷60 kg P2O5•hm-2显著增加油菜干物质量765-1 195 kg•hm-2,其中油菜籽增产427-503 kg•hm-2;油菜产量和磷素吸收量也受到水稻季磷肥用量的影响,水稻季施用磷肥后季油菜干物质量显著增加212-816 kg•hm-2,其中油菜籽粒增产136-409 kg•hm-2,磷素吸收量增加0.4-4.9 kg•hm-2。水稻季残留在土壤中磷肥可以供后季油菜吸收利用,增加油菜当季磷肥的农学效率和磷肥贡献率,具有明显的后效。水稻季磷肥当季利用率16.3%-19.2%,残留利用率为5.4%-7.3%,累积利用率为21.8%-25.6%,磷肥的后效与磷肥用量显著正相关,水稻季磷肥后效相当于油菜当季施磷2-9 kg P2O5•hm-2的增产效果。水稻季磷肥后效也受到油菜季磷肥用量的影响,油菜季施磷处理水稻磷肥对油菜磷素吸收增加作用低于油菜季不施磷处理。【结论】在水稻-油菜轮作体系中,合理的施用磷肥能明显提高两季作物的产量、养分吸收量和肥料利用率,水稻季施用的磷肥残留在土壤中可以被后季作物吸收利用,显著地增加油菜的产量和磷素吸收量,对后季油菜具有明显的后效,其后效的大小与施磷量显著正相关。因此在水旱轮作体系中,在兼顾“重旱轻水”的磷肥管理策略下,油菜季应该充分考虑前茬作物水稻季磷肥后效的基础上进行优化磷肥管理。     

平邑甜茶根系构型、养分吸收和新梢生长对根域形状的反应

【目的】根系构型是根系的重要形态特征,也是影响植株养分吸收的重要因素,栽培容器可以通过特异的根域形状影响根系形态、结构和养分吸收特性;平邑甜茶[Malus hupehensis (Pamp) Rehd.]是优良的苹果砧木,对根域环境反应敏感,本研究主要探讨不同形状的根域对平邑甜茶新梢生长、根系构型参数及根系养分吸收的影响,为分析和塑造理想根系构型及改善苹果砧木养分吸收和植株生长提供依据。【方法】分别利用盆口直径小于盆高、盆口直径大于盆高和盆口直径等于盆高3种陶土盆,创造深窄形根域、浅宽形根域和等高等径根域3种根系构型环境,早春将等体积、同类型的营养土装入盆中,并选择植株长势和根系形态相近的平邑甜茶幼苗移栽至上述陶盆中,8个月后取样调查根系形态构型参数、新梢生长量、根系活力和根系养分吸收速率。【结果】在根域形状不同的3种栽培环境中生长8个月后,平邑甜茶幼苗新梢生长、根系构型和养分吸收特性差异明显,其中,生长在深窄形根域中的幼苗一级侧根数量最多,一级和二级侧根长度最短,植株根/冠比最大,其根系活力和对钾的吸收速率最低,对磷、钙和锌的吸收速率较低,对铁的吸收速率较强。生长在浅宽形根域中的幼苗新梢粗长、叶片多,新梢生长量最大,一级侧根和二级侧根最粗和最长,二级侧根数量和毛细根数量最多,根/冠比较小,根系对钾的吸收速率最高,对磷和锌的吸收速率较高,对钙的吸收速率较低,对铁的吸收速率最低。生长在等高等径根域中幼苗新梢细短、叶片少,新梢生长量最小,主根最细,一级侧根数量和毛细根最少,根/冠比较小,其根系活力最高,对钙和锌的吸收速率较高,对磷、钾和铁的吸收速率较低。【结论】根域形状对平邑甜茶幼苗根系形态构型、养分吸收性能、根/冠比和新梢生长影响显著;深窄形根域使幼苗侧根长度和直径变小、一级侧根数量增多,植株根/冠比增大及对铁的吸收能力提高;浅宽形根域使平邑甜茶幼苗侧根粗且长、毛细根更丰富,植株对磷、钾的吸收能力和新梢生长增大;等高等径根域使幼苗主根直径变小、一级侧根和毛细根数量减少,使根系活力和植株对钙的吸收能力提高。     

飞蝗3个细胞色素P450基因的分子特性及功能

【目的】研究飞蝗（Locusta migratoria）细胞色素P450（CYP450）第四家族（CYP4）中3个基因的功能。【方法】以飞蝗为材料,依据飞蝗EST数据库P450基因预测序列设计引物,利用 RT-PCR技术克隆飞蝗细胞色素P450基因的cDNA全长序列,命名为CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1（GenBank登录号： KF857162、KF857163和KF857164）。采用实时定量 PCR 技术分析CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1在飞蝗各发育阶段以及不同组织中mRNA的表达水平。应用RNA干扰技术沉默CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1,实时定量 PCR 技术检测基因的沉默效率。应用农药点滴技术测定2龄若虫期飞蝗对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂的毒力,通过SPSS软件分析得出3种杀虫剂的LC30,同时应用该技术研究dsRNA干扰过的飞蝗对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂的敏感性。【结果】克隆获得了飞蝗CYP450基因CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1的cDNA全长序列,其中CYP4C69开放阅读框1 518 bp,编码506个氨基酸;CYP4C73开放阅读框1 521 bp,编码 507个氨基酸;CYP4DH1开放阅读框1 512 bp,编码 504个氨基酸。对飞蝗不同龄期定量PCR结果分析,发现CYP4C69在若虫末期表达量高于成虫期,CYP4C73和CYP4DH1在飞蝗整个发育阶段均有表达,在若虫初期和末期以及成虫期表达量较高;不同组织的定量PCR结果表明CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1均在胃盲囊高表达,CYP4C69和CYP4DH1在脂肪体中高表达。通过RNA干扰,发现CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1均可以被显著沉默。马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯对2龄若虫期飞蝗的毒力测定表明2龄若虫期飞蝗对3种杀虫剂的LC30剂量,分别为59.438、8.215、0.759 μg•mL-1。飞蝗对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂敏感性试验结果表明,双链RNA沉默CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1后,飞蝗点滴马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂后的死亡率与注射dsGFP的对照组相比,没有显著提高。【结论】获得飞蝗CYP450基因CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1的cDNA全长序列,这些基因均可被双链RNA干扰而沉默,但CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1沉默后,飞蝗对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂的敏感性与对照组相比没有显著提高。     

微曝气生态浮床水芹吸收NP的特性及其对系统去除NP贡献的研究

针对污染河水黑臭缺氧、NH4^＋—N含量高等问题,研发了一种“漂浮载体悬挂弹性生物膜填料＋水生植物并辅以人工微曝气系统”的微曝气生态浮床系统,以漂浮植物水芹为例研究了系统中水芹对N、P的吸收特性和去除作用。结果表明,随着水芹的生长其生物量干重显著增加,生长80d左右时总生物干重在2497．2—3144．4g·m^-2之之间,上、下部生物量比平均为13．4。不同部位水芹N、P的含量不同,总的趋势为含N量叶〉根〉茎,含P量茎〉根〉叶。不同生长时间水芹N、P含量及其吸收速率不同：随着水芹的生长,组织内N、P含量逐渐降低,N的吸收速率总趋势为60-80d〉35-60d〉1-35d,P的吸收速率总趋势为35-60d〉1-35d〉60-80d。而随着水芹的生长吸收N、P的总量却在逐渐增加,吸收N的总量从17．69g·m^-2增加到61．66g·m^-2,吸收P的总量从4．99g·m^-2增加到13．55g·m^-2,这主要取决于自身的生物量和N、P的含量。水芹对N、P的积累主要集中在上部,分别占N、P吸收总量的92．2％-93．4％、92．5％～93．1％。水芹生长35、60、80d时,吸收N量占系统TN去除量的比率分别为4．50％、6．06％和6．87％,水芹对P的吸收量分别占系统去除P总量的18．53％、26．82％、22．00％。水芹对N、P的吸收仅是微曝气生态浮床净化系统去除N、P的一个途径,但水芹根际微生物的作用不可忽视。     

毛白杨杂种外源基因稳定性及对土壤微生物的影响

转基因植物外源基因的稳定性、对土壤微生物种群数量的影响以及外源基因是否水平转移到土壤微生物中,是评估转基因植物生态安全性的重要组成部分。本研究利用PCR技术,分析了种植于山东省东营市试验林达3年的转AhDREB1基因毛白杨杂种(毛新杨×毛白杨)的外源基因稳定性,表明AhDREB1基因仍然存在于转基因植株中。采用平板稀释法对转基因与非转基因植株的根系土壤微生物进行种群数量分析,计数结果表明转基因植株与非转基因植株间根系土壤3大类微生物（细菌、放线菌和真菌）数量无显著差异。利用AhDREB1基因特异引物对土壤总DNA以及菌株DNA进行PCR扩增,均未检测到外源基因扩增产物。研究结果表明该转基因毛白杨杂种对土壤微生物系统尚无明显的影响。     

Glyphosate- and imazethapyr-induced effects on yield, nodule mass and biological nitrogen fixation in field-grown glyphosate-resistant soybean

Over half of the 21 Mha of soybean planted in Brazil is now transgenic glyphosate-resistant (GM_RR). A field experiment was carried out to investigate whether the application of glyphosate or imazethapyr to the GM_RR variety reduced the input of N₂ fixation (BNF). No effects on yield, total N accumulation, nodulation and BNF (δ¹⁵N) could be assigned to the genetic modification of the plant. Imazethapyr reduced soybean yield but had no significant effect on BNF. Even though yields were not affected by glyphosate, the significant reduction of nodule mass and BNF to the GM_RR suggests that the use of this herbicide could lead to an increased dependence on soil N and consequently an eventual decrease of SOM reserves.     

Tree girdling provides insight on the role of labile carbon in nitrogen partitioning between soil microorganisms and adult European beech

Nitrogen (N) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems is complex since it involves the closely interwoven processes of both N uptake by plants and microbial turnover of a variety of N metabolites. Major interactions between plants and microorganisms involve competition for the same N species, provision of plant nutrients by microorganisms and labile carbon (C) supply to microorganisms by plants via root exudation. Despite these close links between microbial N metabolism and plant N uptake, only a few studies have tried to overcome isolated views of plant N acquisition or microbial N fluxes. In this study we studied competitive patterns of N fluxes in a mountainous beech forest ecosystem between both plants and microorganisms by reducing rhizodeposition by tree girdling. Besides labile C and N pools in soil, we investigated total microbial biomass in soil, microbial N turnover (N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, microbial immobilization) as well as microbial community structure using denitrifiers and mycorrhizal fungi as model organisms for important functional groups. Furthermore, plant uptake of organic and inorganic N and N metabolite profiles in roots were determined.Surprisingly plants preferred organic N over inorganic N and nitrate (NO₃⁻) over ammonium (NH₄⁺) in all treatments. Microbial N turnover and microbial biomass were in general negatively correlated to plant N acquisition and plant N pools, thus indicating strong competition for N between plants and free living microorganisms. The abundance of the dominant mycorrhizal fungi Cenococcum geophilum was negatively correlated to total soil microbial biomass but positively correlated to glutamine uptake by beech and amino acid concentration in fine roots indicating a significant role of this mycorrhizal fungus in the acquisition of organic N by beech. Tree girdling in general resulted in a decrease of dissolved organic carbon and total microbial biomass in soil while the abundance of C. geophilum remained unaffected, and N uptake by plants was increased. Overall, the girdling-induced decline of rhizodeposition altered the competitive balance of N partitioning in favour of beech and its most abundant mycorrhizal symbiont and at the expense of heterotrophic N turnover by free living microorganisms in soil. Similar to tree girdling, drought periods followed by intensive drying/rewetting events seemed to have favoured N acquisition by plants at the expense of free living microorganisms.     

不同改土物料对白浆土磷吸附解吸的影响

向白浆土各层次土壤施入不同改土物料,比较不同处理土壤对 P 的吸附解吸情况.结果表明:各土层土壤对 P的吸附量均随着平衡液浓度的增加而增加;不同土层间土壤吸附 P 量大小顺序为淀积层＞混拌层＞白浆层＞黑土层;随着平衡液浓度的增大,P 吸附的增加率递减;施 Ca 加大了土壤对 P 的吸附,其中黑土层增加220.16%,白浆层增加54.50%,淀积层增加 52.36%;而施有机肥减弱了土壤对 P 的吸附,其中黑土层降低70.16%,白浆层降低45.50%,淀积层降低55.27%.Ca 有降低土壤 P 解吸率的趋势,有机肥能大幅度地提高其解吸率.