沼液施用对土壤与植物中磷分布的影响

以余杭青菜地潮土、红壤为例,选取未施加沼液、正常施加沼液以及加倍施加的土壤剖面各3条,研究沼液施加对土壤和植物磷(P)分布的影响,为畜禽废弃物资源化利用和瓜果合理施肥提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)沼液施加能够提高表层土壤的总P含量,而对深层土壤的总P含量影响不大;(2)沼液施加后,土壤中的Fe-P含量会有显著增加;(3)青菜茎和叶中的总P含量随沼液施加量的增加而增加,其中叶增加的趋势最明显。     

Biomass and Phosphorus Uptake Responses of Maize to Phosphorus Application in Three Acid Soils from Southern Cameroon

Abstract

A phosphorus (P) greenhouse experiment was carried out with maize (Zea Mays L.) using surface horizons of three contrasted acid soils from southern Cameroon. The objectives were (i) to assess causal factors of maize differential growth and P uptake and (ii) to explore plant–soil interactions in acid soils under increasing P supply. Shoot and root dry‐matter yield and P uptake were significantly influenced by soil type and P rate (P<0.000), but the interaction was not significant. Soil properties that significantly (P<0.05) influenced maize growth variables were available P, soil pH, exchangeable bases [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg)], and exchangeable aluminium (Al). Data ordination through principal‐component analysis highlighted a four‐component model that accounted for 88.1% of total system variance (TSV) and summarized plant reaction in acid soil condition. The first component, associated with 36.1% of TSV, pointed at increasing root–shoot ratio with increasing soil acidity and exchangeable Al. The second component (24.6% of TSV) highlighted soil labile P pool increase as a function of P rate. The third and fourth components reflected nitrogen (N) accumulation in soils and soil texture variability, respectively.     

Soil Phosphorous Status and Phosphorus Cycling as Influenced by Soybean Genotypes on an Acidic Low-Phosphorus Soil of Southern China

Low soil phosphorus (P) availability is the primary limiting factor to soybean production in southern China. Field experiments with P-efficient (BX10 and BX11) and P-inefficient (BD2 and GD3) soybean genotypes were conducted to study the effects of soybean cultivation on P status and budget. The results showed that after four seasons of cultivation (2003–5), zero application of P resulted in a decrease of soil-available P and total P but high-P (80 kg ha^?1) treatment resulted in an increase; there were no significant differences among genotypes. All genotypes had deficit of P under zero application of P, P-efficient genotypes had a larger deficit, and there was significant difference between BX10 and BD2. There was surplus P under high-P application, but there were no significant differences among soybean genotypes. These findings imply that it is necessary to apply P fertilizer for P-efficient genotypes although they can better adapt to low-P soil.     

长期用生活污水处理厂排放的废水浇灌影响了糙米和土壤中重金属的含量

A pot experiment was conducted in a plastic film house to evaluate the translocation and uptake of heavy metals(Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn) into brown rice(Oryza sativa L.) and the heavy metals residues in soils which had previously been irrigated with domestic wastewater for a long time(3 years).The range of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn was 5.10 ± 0.01,0.105 ± 0.017,5.76 ± 0.42,and 23.56 ± 1.40 mg kg-1,respectively in the domestic wastewater-irrigated soil,and 0.370 ± 0.006,0.011 ± 0.001,0.340 ± 0.04,and 2.05 ± 0.18 mg kg-1,respectively,in the domestic wastewater-irrigated brown rice.The results indicated that application of domestic wastewater to arable land slightly increased the levels of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn in soil and brown rice(P < 0.01).The concentrations of heavy metals in brown rice were lower than the recommended tolerable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.However,the continuous monitoring and pollution control of hazardous materials from domestic wastewater are needed in order to prevent excessive build-up of heavy metals in the food chain.     

麦秸还田对水稻产量及地表径流NPK流失的影响

在大田试验条件下,以水稻品种运2645为供试材料,设置常规处理（A）、麦秸还田（B）、麦秸还田减肥（C）、肥料运筹（D）和旋耕（E）5个处理组合,研究不同处理对水稻产量及农田地表径流NPK流失的影响。结果表明：（1）麦秸还田使水稻产量比常规处理增加3.0%左右;（2）试验年度稻季农田总地表径流水量为4.3×103m3·hm-2;（3）麦秸还田减肥和麦秸还田处理比其处理明显降低农田地表径流水体NPK流失量,不同处理地表径流总N流失量由低到高依次为麦秸还田减肥、麦秸还田、常规处理、肥料运筹和旋耕,不同处理地表径流总P和K的流失量由低到高依次为麦秸还田减肥、麦秸还田、肥料运筹、常规处理和旋耕;（4）麦秸还田能够降低稻田地表径流NPK的流失率,但麦秸还田减肥处理由于流失量减小幅度远低于肥料施用量的减小幅度,其NPK流失率均表现为最高;（5）麦秸还田使水稻产量略有增加,使稻田地表径流水体NPK流失量和流失率均明显降低。     

天然降雨下红壤坡地氮磷流失过程与特征分析

利用江西省水土保持生态科技园的野外实测资料,对天然降雨条件下南方红壤区自然坡面的氮磷流失过程与特征进行了分析。结果表明,在自然条件下,由于降雨强度的时间变化不稳定,且不连续,自然坡面产流—产沙过程也是不稳定和不连续的,呈现出一峰或多峰的特性;同一场降雨下自然坡面的产沙过程与产流过程基本一致,累积产沙量和累积径流量随时间的延长呈现出先小幅增长后快速增加,最后趋于平稳的变化趋势。坡面径流中总磷的输出浓度始终小于总氮输出浓度,且总磷变化稳定,总氮波动较大;侵蚀泥沙中均存在养分富集现象,且总氮富集比要小于总磷富集比。     

氮肥用量对滨海滩涂区甘薯干物质积累、氮素效率和钾钠吸收的影响

我国沿海滩涂种植能源作物甘薯有广阔的前景。为确定苏北滩涂区甘薯适宜施氮量,比较了6个施氮水平下甘薯的成活率(SR)、商品率(CR)、蔓薯比(V/T)、干物质积累(DMA)、氮素累积值(NAV)、氮利用效率(NUE)、氮收获指数(NHI)及钾钠吸收的差异。结果表明:(1)施氮量与甘薯地上部分DMA和NAV均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,余同),对地下部分NAV影响较小(P>0.05)。(2)与不施氮比较,施氮60 kg(N)·hm-2对甘薯的V/T、SR、NUE和NHI均无显著影响。(3)甘薯的CR、地下部分和块根DMA以及理论产量(NAV×NUE×NHI)均以施氮60 kg(N)·hm-2显著高于其他处理。施氮量超过60 kg(N)·hm-2,施氮量与甘薯的V/T值呈极显著正相关,与SR、CR、NUE、NHI、地下部分和块根DMA均呈极显著负相关。(4)甘薯对钾钠的吸收量均随施氮量的增加而增加,二者呈极显著正相关。甘薯地上部分钾钠含量均在施氮量为60 kg(N)·hm-2时达到最高值。施氮量对钾钠含量比没有影响。因此,苏北滩涂区甘薯适宜施氮量为60 kg(N)·hm-2。     

不同施肥山核桃林氮磷径流流失特征

通过设置径流小区试验,定位研究不同施肥条件下山核桃林氮磷径流流失特征。结果表明,随着施肥时间的推移,氮磷流失均呈现降低的趋势,氮磷流失以可溶态氮、磷为主,分别占总氮、总磷的79.43%～83.60%和47.65%～75.39%。山核桃专用肥的施用对氮磷养分流失起到了良好的调控作用,与常规施肥(氮、磷流失负荷分别为523.41,36.87g/hm2)相比,山核桃专用肥的撒施和沟施使氮、磷流失负荷分别下降了35.73%,32.37%和43.37%,38.46%,故山核桃专用肥料沟施能有效减少前期氮磷养分流失的风险。     

Long-Term Fertilization Effects on Rice Productivity and Nutrient Efficiency in Korean Paddy

ABSTRACT

Long-term fertilization tests evaluated rice (Oryza sativa) productivity in relation to application of nitrogen (N)-phosphorus (P)-potassium (K) (120-34.9-66.7 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1967–1972 and N-P-K (150-43.7-83.3 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1973–2000. The comparison treatments (NP, PK, and NK) and the control (not fertilized) were selected for calculating nutrient efficiency. Rice grain yield increased at a 17.78 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} in the control, mainly due to development of improved cultivars. Phosphorus management was found to be important for indigenous fertility and rice productivity in this paddy soil. Yield increased significantly with P fertilization. Without N fertilization (PK), rice productivity increased 56.85 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} from 62% of NPK at the initial stage to 74% after passing 34 years, which might be affected by increasing biological N fixation with P accumulation in soil. In NK treatment, rice yield increased at a relatively low rate (37.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) from the same rice productivity with that of NPK in 1967 to 91% after 34 years. In comparison, yield increased at a high rate (62.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) without K fertilization (NP) from ca. 90% of NPK and might exceed the yield of NPK after 64 years of long-term fertilization. Therefore, K fertilization level might be readjusted after long-term fertilizing in paddy soil.     

Effects of Supplemental Calcium on Ion Accumulation,Transport and Plant Growth of Salt Sensitive Brassica Rapa Landrace

ABSTRACT

Effects of three supplemental calcium (Ca⁺⁺; 2.5, 5.0, and 10 mole m^?3) concentrations on ion accumulation, transport, selectivity, and plant growth of salt-sensitive species, Brassica rapa ‘Sani’ in saline medium were investigated. Supplemental Ca⁺⁺ in the presence of 125 mol m^?3 sodium chloride (NaCl) did not improve the dry weight and leaf area indicating no role played by Ca⁺⁺ in the alleviation of salinity induced growth inhibition. However, calcium chloride (CaCl₂) did significantly affect sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), and Ca⁺⁺ contents of roots and shoots. The ion contents of shoots were significantly greater than those of roots per g dry weight, indicating ion transportation to shoots is greater than ion accumulation in roots. Use of CaCl₂ in 125 mol m^?3 NaCl reduced the Na⁺ content but increased K⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ contents in shoots. Sodium contents in shoots differed among the supplemental Ca⁺⁺ treatments indicating the role of CaCl₂ in Na⁺ ions transportation. Calcium content in shoots declined significantly in the control treatment (0 CaCl₂) but increased significantly in 10 mol m^?3 CaCl₂. The root also showed the effects of Ca⁺⁺ on the reduction of Na⁺ content and the increase of K⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ content. Unexpectedly, 5 mol m^?3 CaCl₂ induced the highest Na⁺ content in roots at 16 days after treatment. Supplemental CaCl₂ application influenced the K⁺ or Ca⁺⁺ selectivity over Na⁺ in two ways, ion accumulation at roots and transport to shoots. However, high CaCl₂ treatments allowed greater Ca⁺⁺ selectivity over Na⁺ than low CaCl₂. Likewise, high supplemental CaCl₂ showed higher K⁺ selectivity over Na⁺ than low CaCl₂. A marked increase in K⁺ versus Na⁺ selectivity for the transport process occurred at 10 mol m^?3 CaCl₂ treatments. The roots and shoots exhibited higher K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca⁺⁺/Na⁺ ratios in high CaCl₂ treatment than in low. The results are discussed in context to supplemental Ca⁺⁺ concentrations, ions accumulation, transportation and selectivity of salt sensitive Brassica rapa cultivar.