坛紫菜耐低氮磷品系选育的研究

在含氮量仅为海区的1／100、含磷量仅为海区的1／15的低氮、磷环境下,对人工选育和建立纯系的坛紫菜褐绿色、红棕色品系3代叶状体（F1、F2、F3）的耐受力情况及生长情况进行研究,发现2个品系的藻体均具有极强的耐低氮、磷能力：1）褐绿色藻体在低氮、磷环境下培养21d才停止生长,叶片无成熟现象,仅轻微的腐烂和萎缩．3～4cm长的藻体培养7～9d时的长度日生长量是对照组的4．73倍,鲜重日增重率是对照组的5．29倍;培养18～21d时的长度日生长量为（0．86±0．27）cm,鲜重日增重率为（5．32±0．21）％．褐绿色品系F3代的平均长度比对照组长28．7cm．2）红棕色藻体在相同条件下培养15d后停止生长,叶片无成熟、腐烂和萎缩,3代叶状体在低氮、磷甚至无氮、磷环境下的耐受力和生长状况均比较稳定且有所提高,遗传性状比较稳定．3～4cm长的红棕色藻体在低氮、磷环境下培养7～9d时的长度日生长量是对照组的4．95倍,鲜重日增重率是对照组的3．58倍;培养13～15d时藻体的长度日生长量为（1．92±0．53）cm,鲜重日增重率为（13．61±0．46）％．F3代的平均长度比对照组长23．16cm．3）通过选育可以看出褐绿色品系比较耐低氮、磷,该品系可以较好地解决养殖过程中低氮、磷环境对于紫菜养殖所造成的危害,缓解由于养殖密度过大而造成的病害发生和减产、减收现象．     

P450芳香化酶活性调控对小鼠睾丸和附睾发育及精子发生的影响

［目的］探索P450芳香化酶抑制剂——来曲唑调控内源性雌激素合成,对小鼠睾丸和附睾发育及精子发生产生的影响。［方法］将SPF级昆明系雄性小鼠随机分为对照组和试验组,试验组分为0.001、0.002、0.004、0.006、0.008、0.010 mg/kg来曲唑剂量组,连续灌服3 d,在停药后的第9、15和30天检测小鼠睾丸和附睾的发育及精子的发生情况。［结果］①各试验组与对照组比较,体重增长率无显著差异;②0.010 mg/kg来曲唑组与对照组比较,在灌服后的第15天睾丸系数显著减少（P〈0.05）,其他各试验组与对照组比较无显著差异;③各试验组与对照组比较,附睾系数无显著差异;④在第15和30天,0.006-0.010 mg/kg来曲唑组与对照组比较,精子密度显著减少（P〈0.05）,其他各组与对照组无显著差异。［结论］该研究使用的来曲唑浓度,对小鼠体重增长率及睾丸和附睾的发育率无显著影响或影响很小,但是超过0.006 mg/kg浓度时抑制精子的发生,说明一定程度抑制P450芳香化酶的活性,降低内源性雌激素合成,能够直接影响精子的发生能力。     

重金属污染胁迫对杂交狼尾草生理生化特性的影响

为了探讨杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum)的耐重金属性,用杂交狼尾草为试验材料,就不同程度重金属污染胁迫对其叶片中叶绿体色素、可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛(MDA)质量浓度,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及叶膜电解质相对渗透率的影响进行了研究.结果表明,随着重金属胁迫的加重,杂交狼尾草叶片中的叶绿体色素、可溶性蛋白质质量浓度呈下降趋势,MDA质量浓度和叶膜电解质相对渗透率呈上升趋势,SOD、CAT和POD活性呈先上升后下降趋     

池塘网箱清洁养殖对水环境的影响

通过对池塘网箱清洁养殖淡水鱼的水环境进行研究,分析了流水网箱养殖模式对水质、藻类和粪便残留的影响,结果表明,流水浮式网箱养殖模式能够有效地降低淡水鱼养殖水环境中氮、磷以及固形物的含量,同时可以有效地降低粪便的残积速度,进而加速了水环境的净化.说明流水浮式网箱养殖模式是一种先进的现代淡水鱼类养殖模式,并为流水网箱养殖模式的进一步研究和推广提供了参考.     

有机、无机磷肥配施对宁夏引黄灌区露地蔬菜磷素吸收利用与磷平衡的影响

2011—2013年,在宁夏引黄灌区利用田间定位试验研究了不同有机、无机磷肥配施对露地蔬菜的产量、磷素吸收利用、土壤无机磷残留和磷平衡的影响,并提出了合理的磷肥投入阈值。结果表明,过量增施磷肥对露地蔬菜的增产作用不显著。露地蔬菜经济产量与施磷量都符合二次曲线关系,花椰菜、紫甘蓝和大白菜最大产量施磷量分别为P2O5332.3、304.5、377.8 kg/hm2,最佳经济施磷量分别为P2O5282.9、271.2、365.3 kg/hm2。增施磷肥能促进露地蔬菜地上部磷素吸收累积,磷肥利用率随化学磷肥用量增加而降低。随着施磷水平的提高,0~20 cm土壤Olsen-P和Ca Cl2-P含量都呈增加趋势。土壤磷平衡与施磷量呈线性正相关关系,化肥磷施用量越高土壤磷素盈余越大。2011—2013年花椰菜、紫甘蓝和大白菜季合理的磷肥投入阈值范围分别为[141.0,332.3]、[107.1,304.5]和[104.9,377.8],施磷量、蔬菜产量及地上部吸磷量是影响该阈值范围的主要因素。     

黄河鲇幼鱼对饲料中钙、磷的需要量

为探明黄河鲇Silurus lanzhouensis幼鱼对饲料钙、磷的适宜需要量,选取总能、钙、粗蛋白质、非植酸磷、赖氨酸5个因素作为试验因素,每个因素各设6个水平,钙为0.50%~1.34%,非植酸磷为0.50%~1.00%,采用均匀设计法U*6(64)设计6种配合饲料,饲喂体质量为(170±5)g的黄河鲇幼鱼,分别记为A、B、C、D、E、F组,饲养时间为60 d。试验结束后,以增重率、特定生长率、肌肉和肝脏RNA/DNA值、粗蛋白质离体消化率为试验指标,采用偏最小二乘法建立回归方程,通过降维分析和优化求解,分析研究黄河鲇幼鱼对饲料中钙和非植酸磷的适宜需要量。结果表明:C组(钙0.56%、非植酸磷0.60%)试验鱼的增重率、特定生长率和肌肉RNA/DNA最高,分别为84.83%、1.02%和2.98,肠、肝、胃中粗蛋白质离体消化率也达到最大值,分别为67.53%、66.76%、51.52%;随着饲料中钙、非植酸磷含量的增加,鱼体增重率、特定生长率、肌肉RNA/DNA值和粗蛋白质离体消化率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。研究表明,饲料中钙和非植酸磷含量对黄河鲇幼鱼生长、蛋白质合成能力、饲料粗蛋白质离体消化率影响明显,黄河鲇幼鱼对饲料中钙的适宜需要量为0.54%,对非植酸磷的适宜需要量为0.50%~0.53%。     

Response of soil Olsen-P to P budget under different long-term fertilization treatments in a fluvo-aquic soil

The concentration of soil Olsen-P is rapidly increasing in many parts of China, where P budget(P input minus P output) is the main factor influencing soil Olsen-P. Understanding the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget is useful in estimating soil Olsen-P content and conducting P management strategies. To address this, a long-term experiment(1991–2011) was performed on a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, China, where seven fertilization treatments were used to study the response of soil Olsen-P to P budget. The results showed that the relationship between the decrease in soil Olsen-P and P deficit could be simulated by a simple linear model. In treatments without P fertilization(CK, N, and NK), soil Olsen-P decreased by 2.4, 1.9, and 1.4 mg kg~(–1) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P deficit, respectively. Under conditions of P addition, the relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be divided into two stages. When P surplus was lower than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P fluctuated over the course of the experimental period with chemical fertilizers(NP and NPK), and increased by 5.0 and 2.0 mg kg~(–1), respectively, when treated with chemical fertilizers combined with manure(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P surplus. When P surplus was higher than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P increased by 49.0 and 37.0 mg kg~(–1) in NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments, respectively, for every 100 kg ha~(–1) P surplus. The relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be simulated by two-segment linear models. The cumulative P budget at the turning point was defined as the "storage threshold" of a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, and the storage thresholds under NPKM and 1.5 NPKM were 729 and 884 kg ha~(–1)P for more adsorption sites. According to the critical soil P values(CPVs) and the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget, the quantity of P fertilizers for winter wheat could be increased and that of summer maize could be decreased based on the results of treatments in chemical fertilization. Additionally, when chemical fertilizers are combined with manures(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM), it could take approximately 9–11 years for soil Olsen-P to decrease to the critical soil P values of crops grown in the absence of P fertilizer.     

金铁锁居群在水分限制下的叶解剖结构研究(英文)

[目的]对金铁锁居群在水分限制下的叶解剖结构进行研究。[方法]选取引种至实验大田的多年生草本植物金铁锁的2年生实生苗为研究对象,在给水和不给水2种条件下,采用常规石蜡切片法和印迹法,对2个居群的叶解剖结构及气孔的生理特性进行了对比研究。[结果]在冬春季干旱期,不给水栽培条件下的金铁锁表现为叶片上角质层变厚,栅栏组织和海绵组织比值增加,维管束直径增加,主脉木质部维管数增加;叶气孔口变小,气孔密度增加等变化,可以将这些性状的可塑性作为金铁锁居群对水分亏缺作出反应的重要指标。同时,这些指标的变化幅度存在居群间差异。丽江阿西居群在不给水的栽培条件下,叶解剖结构和气孔特性变化显著,从而可能使该居群对干旱环境具有更强的适应能力。[结论]对筛选抗旱金铁锁种质资源及探讨居群在自然干旱条件下的适应性分化具有参考价值。     

菹草种群内外溶解氧空间分布日变化研究

溶解氧(DO)是衡量水体污染程度的重要指标,为研究菹草种群生长对湖泊水体水质的影响,对南京玄武湖菹草种群内外水体DO含量进行了连续一昼夜的监测,结果表明菹草种群光合作用对水体DO影响显著。时间分布上,种群区水体DO日出后增加,日落后下降,水下20～80cm19:30左右出现1次下降现象,稍后略有恢复,其后持续降至日出前后,而较深的100cm处无此现象;开阔水域日出后持续升高至日落,日落后下降直至日出前后,且各深度差异不大;交界处呈现种群内的特点,同时具有开阔水域变化趋势。垂直分布上,种群区白天从表层向底层逐渐递减,夜间20～40cm处较低,100cm处也较低,60～80cm处较高;而离种群较远的开阔水域昼夜均从表层向底层递减,离种群较近的开阔水域因水深较浅,各深度差异不大;交界处昼夜均从表层向底层递减。水平分布上,种群内侧点各水深处各时刻始终最高,20～40cm深离开阔水域较近种群外侧点最低;60cm深白天离开阔水域较近种群外侧点最低,夜间交界处最低;80cm深交界处最低;100cm深夜间从种群内侧向开阔水域依次降低,白天规律性不明显。菹草种群对提高水体DO起到积极作用,并对周围水域有一定的影响。     

Coupling changes of soil functional gene abundances and extracellular enzyme activities across the diagnostic horizons of agricultural Isohumosols

Soil functional microbial taxa and extracellular enzymes are involved in a variety of biogeochemical cycling processes. Although many studies have revealed the vertical change patterns of microbial communities along soil profile, the general understanding of the coupling changes in the functional gene abundances (FGAs) and extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) in soil profiles is still limited, which hinders us from revealing soil ecosystem processes. Herein, we comparatively investigated the FGAs and EEAs in the diagnostic A, B, and C horizons of soil profiles obtained from two suborders of Isohumosols (Mollisols), Ustic and Udic Isohumosols, in Northeast China based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and standard fluorometric techniques, respectively. The distribution patterns of both FGAs and EEAs significantly distinguished by the two soil suborders and were also separated from A to C horizon. Additionally, the variations of EEAs and FGAs were greater in Udic Isohumosols compared to Ustic Isohumosols along soil profiles, and greater changes were observed in C horizon than in A horizon. Both FGAs and EEAs correspondently decreased along the soil profiles. However, when normalized by soil organic carbon, the specific EEAs significantly increased in deep soil horizons, suggesting that microorganisms will input more resources to the production of enzymes to ensure microbial nutrient requirements under resource scarcity. More importantly, we revealed that soil microbial nutrient demands were limited by carbon (C) and phosphorus (P), and the C and P limitations significantly increased along soil profiles with a greater C limitation observed in Ustic Isohumosols than in Udic Isohumosols. Overall, our findings provided solid evidence showing the links between FGAs, EEAs, and microbial nutrient limitations, which would be helpful for a better understanding of the ecosystem processes in soil profiles.