柠檬酸对三种人工合成氧化铁磷吸附特性的影响

试验采用了3种人工合成的氧化铁为材料,研究了氧化铁对磷的吸附以及柠檬酸对氧化铁磷吸附特性的影响。结果表明:3种人工合成的氧化铁对磷的吸附特性及柠檬酸对氧化铁吸附磷的影响都可用Langumir方程来描述,都达到了极显著水平。从磷的最大吸附量(Sm)、吸附反应常数(K)和最大缓冲容量(MBC)来看,未加入柠檬酸时,水铁矿对磷的吸附在容量和强度方面均为最高;而在加入柠檬酸时,3种人工合成的氧化铁对磷的吸附能力的顺序并无差别,水铁矿和针铁矿的磷Sm和MBC要比赤铁矿大很多。     

Nitrogen fertilizer–induced mineralization of soil organic C and N in six contrasting soils of Bangladesh

A 90‐day laboratory incubation study was carried out using six contrasting subtropical soils (calcareous, peat, saline, noncalcareous, terrace, and acid sulfate) from Bangladesh. A control treatment without nitrogen (N) application was compared with treatments where urea, ammonium sulfate (AS), and ammonium nitrate (AN) were applied at a rate of 100 mg N (kg soil)^–1. To study the effect of N fertilizers on soil carbon (C) turnover, the CO₂‐C flux was determined at nine sampling dates during the incubation, and the total loss of soil carbon (TC) was calculated. Nitrogen turnover was characterized by measuring net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) and net nitrification (NN). Simple and stepwise multiple regressions were calculated between CO₂‐C flux, TC, NNM, and NN on the one hand and selected soil properties (organic C, total N, C : N ratio, CEC, pH, clay and sand content) on the other hand. In general, CO₂‐C fluxes were clearly higher during the first 2 weeks of the incubation compared to the later phases. Soils with high pH and/or indigenous C displayed the highest CO₂‐C flux. However, soils having low C levels (i.e., calcareous and terrace soils) displayed a large relative TC loss (up to 22.3%) and the added N–induced TC loss from these soils reached a maximum of 10.6%. Loss of TC differed depending on the N treatments (urea > AS > AN >> control). Significantly higher NNM was found in the acidic soils (terrace and acid sulfate). On average, NNM after urea application was higher than for AS and AN (80.3 vs. 71.9 and 70.9 N (kg soil)^–1, respectively). However, specific interactions between N‐fertilizer form and soil type have to be taken into consideration. High pH soils displayed larger NN (75.9–98.1 mg N (kg soil)^–1) than low pH soils. Averaged over the six soils, NN after application of urea and AS (83.3 and 82.2 mg N (kg soil)^–1, respectively) was significantly higher than after application of AN (60.6 mg N (kg soil)^–1). Significant relationships were found between total CO₂ flux and certain soil properties (organic C, total N, CEC, clay and sand content). The most important soil property for NNM as well as NN was soil pH, showing a correlation coefficient of –0.33** and 0.45***, respectively. The results indicate that application of urea to acidic soils and AS to high‐pH soils could be an effective measure to improve the availability of added N for crop uptake.     

Long‐term effects of fertilization on some soil properties under rainfed soybean‐wheat cropping in the Indian Himalayas

This study aims to examine the effects of long‐term fertilization and cropping on some chemical and microbiological properties of the soil in a 32 y old long‐term fertility experiment at Almora (Himalayan region, India) under rainfed soybean‐wheat rotation. Continuous annual application of recommended doses of chemical fertilizer and 10 Mg ha^–1 FYM on fresh‐weight basis (NPK + FYM) to soybean (Glycine max L.) sustained not only higher productivity of soybean and residual wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop, but also resulted in build‐up of total soil organic C (SOC), total soil N, P, and K. Concentration of SOC increased by 40% and 70% in the NPK + FYM–treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha^–1) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha^–1), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean was 29% and that from wheat was 24% of the harvestable aboveground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment from initial soil in the 0–15 cm layer were 4362 and 333 kg C ha^–1, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was observed that the soils under the unfertilized control, NK and N + FYM treatments, suffered a net annual loss of 5.1, 5.2, and 15.8 kg P ha^–1, respectively, whereas the soils under NP, NPK, and NPK + FYM had net annual gains of 25.3, 18.8, and 16.4 kg P ha^–1, respectively. There was net negative K balance in all the treatments ranging from 6.9 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in NK to 82.4 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in N + FYM–treated plots. The application of NPK + FYM also recorded the highest levels of soil microbial‐biomass C, soil microbial‐biomass N, populations of viable and culturable soil microbes.     

利用shRNA真核表达载体干涉雌性鸡胚性腺中芳香化酶基因(CYP19A1)的表达

本研究通过把构建的短发夹结构RNA(shRNA)真核表达载体导入鸡胚,检测鸡胚性腺分化期质粒载体在鸡胚体内代谢情况及雌性鸡胚性腺中芳香化酶基因(CYP19A1)mRNA表达效率,进而探讨利用该方法在鸡胚体内进行特定基因干涉的可行性.实验针对CYP19A1基因构建了4条特异性表达载体,一条非特异性表达载体.每个实验组选取45个新鲜种蛋作为实验材料进行胚盘下腔注射,并设立空白对照组.鸡胚发育12d时,检测各处理组鸡胚肝脏组织中质粒存在情况,并取其左侧性腺组织进行目标基因的荧光定量分析.研究结果表明,导入组在12日胚龄时所有鸡胚基因组中均可检测到绿色荧光蛋白基因(EGFP);荧光定量结果显示,导入特异性表达载体cyp-580、cyp-1083和cyp-1295后,对应雌性鸡胚性腺CYP19A1 mRNA表达效率显著低于空白对照组,干涉效率分别为:73％、52％和85％;特异性表达载体cyp-1403组CYP19A1mRNA表达效率与空白对照组相比有所降低但无显著性差异.本实验为诱导鸡胚性反转提供了新方法并建立了鸡胚发育期特定基因体内干涉新平台.     

蚯蚓（Eiseniafetida）细胞色素P450及抗氧化酶系对环境浓度苯并（a）芘的响应

以赤子爱胜蚓（Eiseniafetida）为供试生物,草甸棕壤为供试土壤,以蚯蚓微粒体细胞色素P450含量、抗氧化酶系以及谷胱甘肽转移酶活性为指标,进行了土壤中苯并（a）芘[B（a）P]暴露与酶活性的量-效关系研究。结果表明,在接近沈抚灌区实地污染状况B（a）P（0．1～2．0mg·kg-1）暴露下,第1、3、7以及第14d取样时,P450和SOD有较好的响应：SOD在第1、3d显著升高,而在第7、14d时降低;P450总体表现为低浓度B（a）P诱导下降低,高浓度下升高的趋势。CAT、POD以及GST的敏感性相对较差。比照其他4个指标,蚯蚓P450的敏感性更为优异,具有较好的应用前景。指标敏感性总体表现为：P450〉SOD〉CAT／POD〉GST。     

氮磷钾配施沼气肥对早稻产量和品质的影响

通过田间试验研究沼气肥对土壤供氮能力以及早稻产量及其构成因素、品质性状、稻田主要病虫害的影响。结果表明:增施沼气肥可显著提高早稻的有效穗数和实粒数,显著提高产量。在等量氮磷钾下,与常规施肥相比增产17.81%。等量沼气肥下,沼气肥与常规施肥中减少20%氮和33%钾用量西施处理比与常规施肥配施处理略有减产,仅增产4.24%,但比常规施肥处理增产13.03%。施用沼气肥对早稻稻米碾米品质和外观品质影响不明显,但稻米的食味品质和营养品质明显改善。施用沼气肥还可以减轻水稻主要病虫害的发生和危害。     

菜园土壤不同施肥模式下小青菜生长和品质及其生态化学计量学特征

利用盆栽试验研究了不同施肥处理对小青菜生长和品质的影响,并在此基础上利用生态化学计量学方法研究了小青菜生长和品质与其生态化学计量学特征之间的相关关系。结果表明在盆栽的条件下施氮量为180kg/hm2是小青菜生长较为合适的水平,能达到节氮保产的效果。在氮水平为180kg/hm2下,有机无机肥配施模式1(含有氨基酸肥料)提高了小青菜地上部的生长、碳浓度、光合速率、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、游离氨基酸含量和根系鲜重,且这些指标与其地上部C/N(碳氮比)和C/P(碳磷比)之间存在显著正相关关系,而与施肥模式中C/N和C/P之间存在正相关趋势,但相关关系不显著。此外,有机无机肥配施模式1降低了小青菜的地上部硝酸盐含量,且该指标与其地上部和施肥模式中N/P(氮磷比)、C/N、C/P和P/K(磷钾比)之间均不存在相关关系。因此,有机无机肥配施模式1促进了小青菜地上部和根系生长,提高了光合速率,改善了小青菜地上部的品质,是一种科学的施肥措施。     

Effects of Carbofuran on Availability of Macronutrients and Growth of Tomato Plants in Natural Soils and Soils Amended with Inorganic Fertilizers and Vermicompost

The effects of lower field rate (LFR), field rate (FR), and higher field rate (HFR) applications of carbofuran on ammonium (NH₄)-nitrogen (N), nitrate (NO₃)-N, available phosphorus (P), and available potassium (K) contents in natural soils and those amended with inorganic fertilizers and vermicompost on the growth of tomato plants were studied. The NH₄-N, NO₃-N, available P, and available K contents increased up to FR but the most significant increase in was observed at LFR of carbofuran application. At HFR there was a significant reduction in nutrient availability. With passage of time all these parameters increase up to 30 days; thereafter, a decrease was observed up to the end of the experiment in both unamended and amended soils. The greater plant growth was observed at LFR of carbofuran application and at HFR the plants exhibited phytotoxicity in the form of marginal leaf scorching in both systems. The morphological growth parameters of tomato plants were positively correlated with nutrients availability.     

麦稻轮作高产条件下施磷对土壤速效磷及作物产量的影响

经过4年的田间定位试验，结果表明：在含磷量较高的土壤条件下（速效磷在25mg/kg^-1以上），随着施磷量的提高，土壤速效磷含量明显增加，在土壤中有累积现象，后作利用前茬磷肥后效，土壤速效磷有降低趋势，水稻施磷，当季产量具有明显增产效果，而且磷肥残效亦可满足后茬小麦对磷的需求，产量亦可保持在较高的水平上，根据施磷后土壤儿磷的规律及作物产量结果分析表明，在麦稻轮作高产栽培条件下，水稻麦施P2O5 90kg/hm^-2为宜，小麦季施P2O5 135kg/hm^-2为宜，每年一次性施磷即可满足作物生长发育的需要，根据我们的研究结果，水稻季施磷可降低磷肥用量，并能保持稻麦两作较高的产量水平，根据北方稻区小麦播种采取带稻撒播而不利施肥的耕作特点，认为水稻季施磷在北方麦稻轮作区是一项有利的，可行的高产低耗生产技术。     

石灰性土壤中钴与磷关系的研究

采用土壤培养试验方法,通过在石灰性土壤上施用不同量的硫酸钴和磷酸二氢钾,分析研究了有效钴和速效磷含量的变化状况。初步研究结果表明:(1)土壤中有效钴和速效磷含量分别随着硫酸钴和磷酸二氢钾施用量的增加而增加;高浓度的钴磷配施下,土壤中有效钴(速效磷)含量随着磷(钴)施用量的增加而减少。(2)30天内,土壤中有效钴和速效磷含量都随时间的延续呈先增加后减少的趋势,试验结束时各处理的有效钴含量趋于一致,而速效磷含量仍在减少。(3)在土壤中钴和磷存在拮抗关系,原因可能是两者形成了低溶性的钴的磷酸盐。