生物质炭对酸性土壤改良作用的研究进展

由于生物质炭在农业和环境中的巨大应用前景和对土壤碳的增汇减排作用,近期成为土壤学家和环境学家研究的热点。本文综述了生物质炭对热带和亚热带地区酸性土壤的改良作用及其机制,总结了生物质炭对土壤肥力和养分有效性及作物生长和产量的影响的研究进展,分析了该领域未来的发展趋势,可为酸性土壤改良和管理提供参考。     

土壤磷素的化学组分及其植物有效性

本文主要论述了土壤磷素分级方法、土壤不同磷素组分的转化与植物有效性的关系及影响因子等方面的研究进展,对不同分级方法的优缺点给予了评价,并提出了该领域今后的重点研究方向。     

Negative and positive effects of topsoil biological crusts on water availability along a rainfall gradient in a sandy arid area

Drylands are regarded as highly sensitive to climatic changes. A positive relationship between rainfall and environmental factors (water availability for plants, productivity, species diversity, etc.) is often assumed for areas with an annual rainfall of 100–300 mm. This assumption disregards the fact that a climatic change in arid and semi-arid areas is not limited to climatic factors. This change is often accompanied by a parallel change in surface properties. The alteration of surface properties may have opposite effects on the water regime and ecosystem characteristics. Data on rainfall, runoff, soil moisture regime, and vegetation cover were collected at five monitoring sites in a sandy area along the Israeli–Egyptian border, where average annual rainfall varies from 86 to 160 mm. Data obtained show a decrease in water availability for perennial plants with increasing annual rainfall, clearly expressed by a lower survival of perennial plants in the wetter area. Results obtained cast doubt of the prevailing idea regarding the positive relationship between average annual rainfall and ecosystem characteristics. The findings are attributed to the decisive role played by the non-uniform properties of the topsoil biological crusts along the rainfall gradient considered. Under wetter conditions a thick topsoil biological crust develops. This crust is able to absorb large rain amounts, limiting thus the depth of rainwater infiltration and water availability for the perennial vegetation. A better water regime was found in the drier area, where a thin crust allows deeper water infiltration and water concentration by surface runoff. The process described may be regarded as a desertification process with increasing annual rainfall.     

长期施用有机肥对稻田土壤重金属含量及其有效性的影响

以湖南省7个稻田长期定位试验为基础,分析了无肥对照(CK)、化肥(NPK)、中量有机肥 化肥(MOM)和高量有机肥 化肥(HOM)4个处理下0~20 cm土壤重金属Zn,Cu,Cd和Pb全量及其有效态含量的变化。结果表明:长期施用有机肥加大了稻田土壤受重金属污染的风险。仅施化肥对土壤Zn,Cu,Cd和Pb全量、有效态含量及活化率的影响均较小,而中、高量有机肥处理明显提高了土壤Zn,Cu,Cd的全量、有效态含量及活化率,只对土壤Pb的影响较小。且高量有机肥处理下其增幅最大,土壤Zn,Cu,Cd全量分别比对照增加了6.1%,18.7%和8.3%,有效态含量分别比对照增加了87.3%,65.8%和41.4%,活化率分别比对照增加了77.5%,32.0%和29.8%。有机肥的"激活"效应是导致土壤有效态重金属含量大幅提高的主要机制。各试验点土壤全Cd含量均大大超出了土壤环境质量二级标准(0.30 mg/kg),表明各试验点稻田土壤都存在着不同程度的Cd污染问题。     

昆明市植烟土壤2002—2006年养分状况变化动态分析

从2002年至2006年,连续5年每年均对昆明市主要植烟土壤进行养分状况普查.结果表明:①昆明市主要植烟土壤pH平均值以及pH值超过7.0的土壤比例近年来逐年上升;目前虽全市pH平均值尚处适宜范围之内,但pH值超过7.0的土壤比例已近40%,同时约25% 的土壤pH值小于5.5;②有机质和有效S平均含量目前总体偏高,且有逐年增加趋势;全市现已无缺S土壤;③有效B平均含量5年间虽逐年上升,但皆属轻度缺乏;而缺B土壤比例近年间有所下降,但目前仍有约70% 的土壤缺B;④目前全市植烟土壤的碱解N、速效P和速效K平均含量皆比2002年有所下降,总体处于适宜至偏高水平之间;同时碱解N、速效P和速效K含量过高的土壤比例近年间明显降低,而缺P或缺K土壤比例有所增加,目前已有约7% 的土壤缺P,近1/3的土壤缺K或极缺K;⑤交换性Mg和Zn的平均含量5年间变化不大,但总体偏高;同时,缺Mg土壤比例近年间有所增加,目前已有13% 的土壤缺Mg,而仅3% 的土壤缺Zn;⑥有效Ca含量近年来有所下降,但多数土壤偏高,部分缺乏;⑦土壤中Cl- 的含量近年间呈上升趋势,尽管目前全市平均值尚处适宜范围之内,但Cl- 超过30 mg/kg的比例已有大幅度增加.     

湖南省几种主要母质发育的水稻土有效态微量元素含量及评价

采用调查采样、室内分析和评价的方法,研究了湖南省几种主要母质发育的水稻土的有效态微量元素含量及丰缺状况。结果表明,土壤有效Fe和有效Mn含量很高,属于丰富级别;土壤有效Cu、有效Zn和有效B含量极低,处于缺素状态,需要补充和施用Cu、Zn和B肥,以保证水稻的正常生长。     

Soil microbial biomass activation by trace amounts of readily available substrate

The soil microbial biomass survives as a largely dormant population for long periods without fresh substrates, depending for growth upon a rapid uptake of substrates when they become available. Currently, little investigation has been made into the mechanisms involved in the transition from dormancy to activity. We found that additions of trace amounts of different simple and complex substrates (glutamic acid, amino acids mixture, glucose, protein hydrolysates, carbohydrates, compost extract), even at very low application rates (5-μg C g⁻¹ soil), caused an immediate and significant activation (measured as increased CO₂-C evolved) of the soil microbial biomass. The different substrates caused different intensities of respiration response, which were related to the substrates’ composition, complexity, and degradability. The difference between the CO₂-C evolved from the amended soil minus that evolved from a similarly incubated but non-amended soil ranged from 80 to 160% of the humified carbon C added as substrate, with most of the substrates causing a positive priming effect, in agreement with previous findings. The activation ended after 5–70 h, depending on the substrate, but the microbial biomass could be reactivated with further additions. It seems that the microbial biomass first responds to traces of substrate by increasing its metabolic activity in anticipation of a larger ‘food event’. Overall, these results indicate that soil micro-organisms have evolved metabolic and physiological strategies that allow them to survive and growth in the generally poor-substrate soil environment.Contribution presented at the Exploratory Workshop: ‘Non-molecular manipulation of soil microbial communities’, held at the University of Udine, Udine, Italy from 17 to 20 October, 2004. The workshop was funded by the European Science Foundation and the University of Udine.     

高CO2浓度和叶面施锌对稻米锌营养的影响

水稻是全球半数以上人口的主食,增加稻米中的锌营养水平对解决人类锌缺乏至关重要。依托稻田FACE（Free Air CO₂ Enrichment）平台,采用9个现代品种为供试材料,CO₂处理设置环境CO₂浓度（Ambient）和高CO₂浓度（增200 μmol·mol^-1）两个水平,锌处理设置对照（不施锌）和叶面施锌（灌浆前期喷施0.2% ZnSO₄）处理,研究水稻糙米产量、锌浓度、锌有效性以及锌肥利用率对CO₂和锌处理的响应及其品种间差异。结果表明,与Ambient相比,高CO₂浓度使所有品种糙米产量平均增加15.7%,但对糙米锌浓度、植酸浓度及植酸与锌摩尔比均无显著影响,不同品种和不同锌处理条件下趋势均一致;高CO₂浓度下扬稻6号和隆两优1988糙米籽粒锌肥利用率显著降低,而其他品种无显著变化。花后叶面施锌对糙米产量及植酸浓度无显著影响,但使糙米锌浓度平均增加37.3%,植酸与锌摩尔比平均降低29.1%,不同品种间响应幅度存在显著差异。以上数据说明,在环境CO₂浓度和CO₂浓度升高两种情形下,水稻花后叶面喷施锌肥均可显著改善稻米的锌营养水平,幅度因品种而异,而高CO₂浓度使部分籼稻品种的锌肥利用率显著下降。     

水旱轮作下钛石膏对土壤砷铅有效性的影响研究

通过模拟水旱轮作盆栽试验,研究了不同添加量(0.15%和0.30%)下实际钛石膏材料(ATG)和模拟钛石膏材料(二水硫酸钙和氧化铁按质量比7∶3和9∶1混合配制,分别为TG7和TG9)对砷(As)铅(Pb)复合污染土壤的钝化修复效果,并考察了钛石膏材料对青菜(旱地)和水稻(水田)积累As、Pb的影响。结果表明:钛石膏材料的添加使旱地土壤pH(5.22)降低了0.11～0.49个单位,水田土壤pH(6.35)降低了0.27～0.69个单位,但均未对作物产量产生影响。钛石膏材料并不能显著影响旱地土壤有效态As,但使青菜地上部As含量平均降低了39.2%;使水田土壤中的有效态As含量(11.96 mg·kg~(-1))平均下降了19.9%,同时使水稻糙米中的As含量平均下降28.9%。钛石膏材料显著降低了旱地和水田土壤中有效态Pb含量,分别平均下降12.8%和17.2%,同时使青菜地上部Pb含量平均降低32.5%,使水稻糙米中Pb含量平均降低21.9%。研究表明,钛石膏材料对水田条件下As、Pb复合污染的修复作用强于旱地条件,0.30%添加量的钝化修复效果优于0.15%添加量,且0.30%添加量的模拟钛石膏材料TG7对As、Pb复合污染农田土壤的修复效果最佳。     

长期施用猪粪对土壤磷含量及无机磷组分的影响

为研究长期猪粪施用下土壤无机磷组分变化及其对土壤磷素有效性的影响,本研究通过7 a定位试验,探明了稻-麦轮作中不同猪粪磷施用量下土壤磷素有效性以及土壤无机磷组分含量变化特征,并采用通径系数与逐步回归拟合方程剖析了土壤无机磷组分变化对磷有效性的贡献。结果表明：长期施用猪粪显著提升了土壤磷素有效性及土壤中各无机磷组分含量,...