长期不同施肥条件下黑土水稳性团聚体中磷的分布及其有效性

利用中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站的长期定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥条件下[对照(CK)、施用化学氮磷肥(NP)、化学氮磷肥配施有机肥(NP+OM)]农田黑土不同粒径水稳性团聚体中磷的分布及其有效性。结果表明,施肥增加了黑土各粒级水稳性团聚体中全磷含量,其中,NP处理比对照(CK)全磷含量增加28.9%~37.8%,NP+OM处理比NP处理增加44.0%~63.9%。施肥增加了黑土各粒级水稳性团聚体中有效磷含量,NP处理比CK处理有效磷含量增加146%~183%,NP+OM处理有效磷含量是NP处理的3.4~5.3倍。各处理水稳性团聚体全磷和有效磷均表现为较均匀地分布在0.053mm的各粒级水稳性团聚体中,而0.053mm粒级水稳性团聚体内全磷和有效磷均显著降低。施磷可显著增加土壤磷的有效率,且以化肥配施有机肥处理表现更为明显。NP处理不同粒径水稳性团聚体中磷的有效率是CK处理的1.94~2.32倍,NP+OM处理是NP处理的2.13~2.83倍。     

Spatiotemporal density patterns of the pest predator Rhynchium haemorrhoidale (F.) along a land-use gradient in cacao agroforestry systems

Tropical insect species show year-round breeding activity due to favourable climatic conditions. However, most species also display seasonal reproductive peaks, but little is known about underlying causes of temporal density changes. We investigated population dynamics of the pest predator Rhynchium haemorrhoidale (F.) (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae) and its natural enemies in relation to season, climate and varying shade tree composition in cacao agroforestry systems in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia). Nesting of R. haemorrhoidale showed clear seasonality with highest densities in the wet season and lowest in the dry season, which was not related to changes in temperature. Wasp densities increased with land-use intensity, presumably because less-shaded areas offer more favourable climatic conditions and higher densities of the major prey, the cacao pest Agathodes caliginosalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Pupal body size was higher in June than in November indicating increasing intraspecific competition due to high wasp densities and food shortage at the beginning of the wet season. Body size between habitat types was similar, thus season appeared to be more important than habitat in terms of food supply. High wasp densities in the wet season were associated with high diversity of the altogether seven parasitoid species. In conclusion, we found a pronounced seasonality of the wasp R. haemorrhoidale and a preference for little shaded agroforestry, which may be due to enhanced temperature and density of its prey. Our data indicate a high potential for biological control of a major cacao pest by management of nesting sites of R. haemorrhoidale.     

Effects of litter quality and parent material on organic matter characteristics and N-dynamics in Luxembourg beech and hornbeam forests

To test effects of litter quality and soil conditions on N-dynamics, we selected seven forests in Luxembourg dominated by beech (Fagus sylvatica, L.) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), and located on acid loam, decalcified marl or limestone, and measured organic matter characteristics, microbial C and N and net N-mineralization in a laboratory incubation experiment. Organic layer characteristics were significantly affected by species, with lower litter decay and higher accumulation under the less palatable beech, even on limestone. However, beech and hornbeam did not show any differences in N-cycling at all. Instead of species, N-cycling was affected by site conditions, albeit different than expected. Microbial N generally increased from acid loam to limestone, but acid loam showed higher net N-mineralization, especially in the organic layer. Also, acid loam showed high instead of low efficiency of N-mineralization per unit microbe, in both organic layer and mineral topsoil. In addition, acid loam showed net consumption of DOC instead of release in both soil layers, which suggests that not N, but C was a limiting factor to decomposition. In contrast, limestone showed low net N-mineralization in the organic layer, despite high mass and well-decomposed organic matter, and low efficiency of N-mineralization per unit microbe in both organic layer and mineral topsoil. DOC was net released instead of consumed, which supported that not C, but N was a limiting factor. The general lack of differences in net N-cycling between species, but relatively clear site effects, is discussed in relation to different microbial strategies. Acid soil may have high net N-release despite low biological activity, because N-requirements of fungi are also low, while in calcareous soil, high bacterial N-demand may counteract high gross N-release. Thus, species producing litter that decomposes rapidly may be planted to improve soil conditions and plant biodiversity, but litter quality effects on N-availability may be less important than soil conditions.     

施用糖蜜酒精废液对土壤理化性质的影响研究

采用室内培养方法,研究了施用糖蜜酒精废液对土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明,土壤施用糖蜜酒精废液后,土壤的pH和土壤容重都有所下降,土壤有机质、有效氮、速效钾、有效镁的含量随糖蜜酒精废液施用量的增加而明显提高,显示糖蜜酒精废液可以作为液体肥料施用.蔗地施用酒精废液,可以减少酒精废液对环境的污染,从而变废为宝.     

不同肥料对栽参土壤中Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn全量及有效态的影响

为了解施肥对农田栽参土壤重金属的影响,利用ICP-0ES方法对多功能微生物制剂基肥(A)、多功能微生物制剂激活后作基肥(B)、多功能微生物制剂激活后花期施入(C)、鹿粪(D)、EM菌肥(E)、猪粪(F)和对照(ck)7个施肥处理土壤中Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn含量进行了测定。结果表明：随鹿粪和猪粪施入量增加,土壤中重金属C...     

不同贮存条件对柠檬呼吸特点的影响

[目的]研究不同贮存条件下柠檬在贮存过程中的呼吸特点。[方法]以柠檬为原料,通过分析不同贮藏温度和时间条件下贮藏环境CO2和O2含量以及果肉中还原糖和有机酸含量的变化,研究柠檬在贮存过程中的呼吸特点,判断柠檬的新鲜程度和品质,确定较合理的贮藏温度和时间。[结果]在试验周期内,柠檬的呼吸不断进行,在最初贮藏期内呼吸作用最强,产生的CO2明显增多,O2明显减少,但随着贮存时间的延长,CO2增加和O2降低的趋势逐渐变小;柠檬保存的时间越长,糖类分解越快,有机酸分解程度也不断增加;柠檬的最佳贮藏温度为12～15℃,或者在更低温度下短期贮藏。[结论]在柠檬保存中要注意保持柠檬的有氧呼吸,抑制无氧呼吸,防止柠檬酸以及营养成分的流失。     

田间条件下不同钝化材料对玉米吸收镉的影响研究

选取4种钝化材料(赤泥、海泡石、钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉)开展田间试验,研究它们对玉米吸收镉与土壤有效态镉的影响。结果表明,除海泡石外,施用其他3种钝化材料均能促进玉米生长,增加玉米叶、茎与籽粒的重量。4种钝化材料都能降低玉米对镉的吸收,其中:高量赤泥(用量1.5%)能明显降低玉米茎、叶片及籽粒中镉的含量,较对照分别降低60.6%、33.6%与49.3%;高量钙镁磷肥(用量900kg·hm-2)明显降低玉米籽粒中镉含量,较对照降低57.4%。4种钝化剂明显降低土壤EDTA提取态镉、DGT提取态镉的含量。其中,高量海泡石处理的EDTA提取态镉含量最低,高量赤泥次之;高量赤泥处理的DGT提取态镉含量最低。本试验结果表明,1.5%用量的赤泥是最佳的功能钝化材料。     

兽用抗生素在土壤中的衰减特征及其与土壤性状的关系研究

为了解土壤性状对兽用抗生素在土壤中的衰减及其生物有效性的影响,选择10 种理化性状相差较大的典型蔬菜地土壤,通过添加不同浓度（1、5、20 mg/kg）的4 种抗生素（土霉素、恩诺沙星、磺胺二甲嘧啶和泰乐菌素）,在保持65%的土壤田间持水量和恒温(25℃)条件下培养,观察分析各类抗生素的残留量和生物有效性的动态变化。结果表明,试验初期（20 天内）土壤中抗生素的降解速率明显高于后期（50~100 天）,进入土壤中的抗生素降解量随抗生素浓度的增加而增加,但降解比例却随抗生素添加量的增加而减小。4 种抗生素在土壤中的降解速率：磺胺二甲嘧啶＞恩诺沙星＞土霉素＞泰乐菌素。培养前期土壤中有效态抗生素含量随培养时间的下降比抗生素的残留量下降更明显。各类抗生素的降解率主要与土壤粘粒含量和氧化铁含量呈负相关,与土壤有机质含量存在轻微正相关,但与土壤pH 和CEC无明显相关。培养初期（5 天）,土壤中有效态抗生素含量与粘粒含量、氧化铁含量呈负相关,与有机质含量呈现正相关;但随培养时间的增加,其与土壤粘粒含量、氧化铁含量的相关性有所降低。     

Plant Availability of Sulfur Added to Finished Fertilizers

As single superphosphate availability decreases due to closure of aging manufacturing plants increasing attention is being paid to alternative phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) sources. This glasshouse study, conducted under non-leaching conditions was undertaken to evaluate the S supplying capacity of gypsum, S bentonite, elemental S (ES) and a range of P containing fertilizers and those where ES was added as a coating or incorporated. The magnitude of crop response in terms of shoot biomass to applied S fertilizer sources followed the order of sulfates > powdered ES > coated/incorporated ES > S/bentonite. These results indicate that fertilizers containing a mixture of sulfate and micronized ES (<75 µm), either incorporated within the granule or coated onto the fertilizer are agronomically effective. The results also suggest that local S coating of finished fertilizers is a feasible alternative to S incorporation undertaken at a central fertilizer plant.     

Competitive and noncompetitive adsorption of silicate and phosphate by two acid Si-deficient soils and their effects on P and Si extractability

The effects of pH on the adsorption of silicate and phosphate, either singly or in competition, by two acid soils were investigated. Both soils adsorbed two to three times more P than Si and adsorption isotherms at pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5 showed that increasing pH greatly increased Si adsorption but decreased that of P. Silicate adsorption was very low below pH 5.0, increased rapidly up to pH 9–10 before decreasing again. Adsorption of P was at a maximum at pH 2.0, decreased slowly up to pH 7.0 and then more rapidly above pH 7.0. When Si and P were added at equimolar concentrations, the presence of P decreased Si adsorption between pH 6.0 and 8.0 while the presence of Si decreased P adsorption in the pH region 6.0 and 11. Addition of calcium silicate at rates equivalent to 300, 600 and 1200 kg Si ha^?1 resulted in a progressive increase in soil pH. Separate samples of soil were treated with Ca(OH)₂ to give the same pH values so that the effect of Si could be identified. The highest rate of Si (1200 kg ha^?1 which gave a pH of 6.5) caused a significant decrease in P adsorption (as determined by adsorption isotherms) and an increase in resin-extractable P but the lower rates had little effect. Addition of P to the soil as calcium phosphate at rates equivalent to 30, 60 and 100 kg P ha^?1 all caused a decrease in Si adsorption capacity and an increase in CaCl₂-extractable Si. It was concluded that the strategy of adding Si to lower P requirements in acid soils is not likely to be effective while addition of fertilizer P may well lower Si adsorption and promote Si desorption and its increased mobility.