An investigation into the transition from technological to ecological rice farming among resource poor farmers from the Philippine island of Bohol

A conceptual framework influenced bythe concept of moral ecology is developed andused to analyze the transition fromtechnological (green revolution) to ecological(organic) rice farming by resource poor farmersfrom the Philippine island of Bohol. This MoralEcology Framework (MEF) focuses on theepistemology of the two farming systems and howthis influences management principles andpractice. The orienting concepts of systemic understanding, exchange betweensociety and the environment, local versusextra-local exchange and scope areintegral to this analysis. The case studydemonstrates how the ostracism of nature underthe green revolution coupled with itsinflexible production options affected thesustainability of some local rice farmingsystems. Whereas the transition to organicfarming and the concomitant incorporation ofecological processes and more flexibleproduction options has allowed local farmers toenhance the sustainability of their farmingsystems by altering the exchange processeswithin the socio-ecological system.     

中国原油污染区重金属空间分布模式及其潜在来源研究

Twenty-two soil samples were collected at the subregional scale （50 km2） around Gudao Town, a typical oil-producing region of the Shengli Oilfield in the Yellow River Delta, China to determine the spatial distribution patterns and potential sources of heavy metals in soils of crude oil-polluted regions. The concentrations of total petroleum hydrocaxbons （TPHs） and heavy metals as well as other soil properties were determined and the enrichment factor values were calculated for the heavy metals measured. Principal component analysis （PCA） and cluster analysis （CA） were used to estimate potential sources contributing to the concentrations of heavy metals in the soils. The results revealed that the soils were slightly alkaline （pH = 7.33-8.05） and high in salinity （1.43-41.30 g kg-1）, TPHs （0.51 28.40 g kg-1） and organic matter （1.74-31.50 g kg-1）. The mean concentrations of the measured heavy metals Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and V were 18.4, 78.2, 20.8, 0.19, 56.6, 26.3 and 62.1 mg kg-1, respectively. Although the concentrations of all the metals measured in this study were not high enough to exceed the national control standards, there was a significant enrichment of Cd in the study area and Zn and Ni were in the category of deficiency to minimal enrichment. The spatial distribution patterns of Cu, Cr, Ni and V were similar and partially affected by oil exploitation and petroleum hydrocarbon spills. Potential sources of Cr, Ni, V and Cu in the soils were both natural sources and petroleum hydrocarbon spills, while Zn, Pb and Cd were probably from anthropogenic sources such as farming activities and traffic.     

Ecological weed management by cover cropping: effects on weed growth in autumn and weed establishment in spring

Cover crops grown in the period between two main crops have potential as an important component of a system‐oriented ecological weed management strategy. In late summer and autumn, the cover crop can suppress growth and seed production of weeds, whereas the incorporation of cover crop residues in spring may reduce or retard weed emergence. Based on these two criteria, six cover crop species were evaluated for their weed suppressive potential in 2 years of experimentation in the Netherlands. Fodder radish, winter oilseed rape and winter rye had the strongest competitive ability in autumn; the competitive strength of Italian ryegrass was intermediate and white lupin and lucerne were poor competitors. Competitiveness was strongly correlated to early light interception. Surprisingly, doubling the recommended sowing density did not increase weed suppressive ability. Although a poor competitor in the fall, after incorporation in spring, lucerne had the strongest inhibitory effect on seedling establishment, followed by winter oilseed rape and white lupin. Winter rye and fodder radish did not affect seedling establishment, whereas Italian ryegrass was not evaluated because of re‐growth after incorporation. Competition in autumn and subsequent residue‐mediated suppression of weed establishment in spring varied among the cover crop species, with winter oilseed rape offering relatively strong effects during both periods.     

日粮中添加牛至油对生长育肥猪生产性能的影响

为牛至油在生长育肥猪养殖上的应用提供参考,选择体况健康、初始体重差异不显著的长大二元杂交生长育肥猪198头,按体重接近的原则随机分为3个处理,试验1组(饲喂普通312料,CK)、试验2组(在普通312料中添加500mg/kg牛至油)和试验3组(在普通312料中添加200mg/kg牛至油),每个处理3个重复,每个重复22头猪,研究牛至油对生长育肥猪生产性能的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,日粮中添加牛至油500mg/kg可降低猪的腹泻率、发病率和死淘率,分别降低0.6百分点、0.59百分点和1.45百分点;同时可增加猪的日采食量、促进生长,其日增重达762.48g/头,料肉比为2.37。日粮中添加牛至油200mg/kg对猪只健康状况有一定程度的改善作用,但生产性能表现不佳。     

转型升级视角下斗门海鲈产业可持续发展的问题与对策

海鲈养殖业是珠海市斗门区的重要特色产业,实现斗门区海鲈产业可持续发展是珠海市推进产业转型升级的重要战略举措.该研究分析了斗门区海鲈产业周期性危机爆发的原因,指出其深层次原因集中体现为产业良种化、标准化、集约化水平较低.从发展规划、重点支持方向、资金、政策支持等方面提出了切实可行的对策建议.     

Correlation between villous height and the disaccharidase activity in the small intestine of piglets from nursing to growing

Early weaning induces villous atrophy in the small intestine. Reduction in villous height in the small intestine after weaning is associated with reductions in brush‐border enzyme activity. Body weight gain after weaning is, therefore, correlated with villous height. This evidence suggested that the maintenance of small intestinal structure and function after weaning is important for the growth of young pigs. On the other hand, the relationship between villous height and the activity of the digestive enzymes in the small intestine has not been studied with piglets from the suckling to the growing period. Five suckling piglets, four piglets in the proximal stage of weaning, four pigs in the distal stage of weaning and four growing pigs were used. The activities of lactase (LA), sucrase (SA) and maltase (MA) were determined. LA showed a positive correlation with villous height in weaning. SA and MA were positively correlated with villous height from suckling to growing. In a previous study, non‐infectious dyspeptic diarrhea was frequently observed in growing piglets on Japanese swine farms. The maintenance of villous height to retain disaccharidase activity may prevent dyspepsic diarrhea in this stage.     

生猪交易物流运作模式的分析

本文根据我国生猪产业发展的现状、生猪物流系统内部发展及运行环境,从物流主体的组织化程度、流通环节、信息的传播、资产专用性等角度来分析了我国现有三种生猪物流运作模式的特点,并在此基础上设计了适应未来生猪市场的以第四方电子交易平台为主导的新型物流模式。     

垫草对猪的福利和生产性能的影响

通常认为垫草对猪的福利具有广泛的有利影响。垫草既能改善地面触感,又有利于猪自主调控小环境温度,并减少某些肢蹄损伤。但稻草也会增加某些疾病发生的概率,特别是呼吸系统疾病。垫草作为廉价的环境丰富物能够满足猪探求行为的需求,并可作为筑巢材料满足围产期母猪的行为需求,减少不良行为发生。由于其可食入性,垫草还能在一定程度上降低限饲母猪的采食动机,减少口吻部规癖行为发生。垫草对神经内分泌及免疫机能的影响尚不能确定,但以往资料显示其长期使用能减少应激。同时,垫草的使用还可能提高猪的生产性能和某些肉质性状。因此,尽管垫草增加生产成本和特定疾病的风险,并带来管理上的不便,其仍是最可行的提高猪福利的途径之一。     

Phage Therapy and Photodynamic Therapy: Low Environmental Impact Approaches to Inactivate Microorganisms in Fish Farming Plants

Owing to the increasing importance of aquaculture to compensate for the progressive worldwide reduction of natural fish and to the fact that several fish farming plants often suffer from heavy financial losses due to the development of infections caused by microbial pathogens, including multidrug resistant bacteria, more environmentally-friendly strategies to control fish infections are urgently needed to make the aquaculture industry more sustainable. The aim of this review is to briefly present the typical fish farming diseases and their threats and discuss the present state of chemotherapy to inactivate microorganisms in fish farming plants as well as to examine the new environmentally friendly approaches to control fish infection namely phage therapy and photodynamic antimicrobial therapy.     

复方噻胺酮对小型猪血清中多种元素的影响

试验采用动物给药前后自身对照的方法,观察了我国新研制的兽用复合全麻药——复方噻胺酮对10头小型猪血清中的常量元素(K,Na,Ca,Mg)和微量元素(Cu,Fe,Zn)含量的影响.结果表明,小型猪肌肉注射临床麻醉剂量(15mg/kg)的复方噻胺酮后,血清中 Na,K,Cu,Fe 可在一定时间内呈显著升高(P<0.05),Ca 显著下降(P<0.05);Mg 和 Zn 未发生显著变化.但上述诸元素的变化均未超出正常范围。尽管如此,若对已患上述诸元素缺乏或过高的动物进行麻醉时,或是需在麻醉状态下进行有关元素方面的研究时,对这种影响也应给予足够重视.