基于厘米级无人机影像的水土保持措施精准识别

基于厘米级高分辨率无人机影像,应用面向对象方法(Object-Based Image Analysis, OBIA)对吉林省伊通县椽子沟流域的横坡改垄、地埂植物带、生态恢复乔木林、生态恢复草地等水土保持措施进行自动精准识别。应用超绿指数(Excess Green Index,ExG)、超红指数(Excess Red Index,ExR)、归一化差异指数(Normalized Difference Index,NDI)等光谱指数,形状的主方向、形状指数等形状特征,均值(Mean)、方差(Variance)、对比度(Contrast)等纹理特征进行措施的特征提取。结果表明:研究区水土保持措施识别的总体精度可达91.24%,Kappa系数为0.87;对垄台、垄沟等线性水土保持措施总体精度可达72.33%,Kappa系数为0.63。基于厘米级无人机影像,应用面向对象方法基本可实现对黑土区水土保持措施的精准识别,也可对垄台垄沟等线性措施进行自动识别,研究结果可为水土保持措施实施范围及完好程度的动态监测提供参考依据。     

水土保持对偏关河径流和泥沙的影响分析

 偏关河流域水土保持面积从1959年的1万1593hm2增加到1996年的5万5338hm2,占流域面积的28.90%。年径流量、常水径流量与年份和各类水土保持措施之间,均呈极显著负相关,年径流量与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量,均呈显著正相关,而常水流量与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量关系很弱;偏关河流域小型蒸发器测定的蒸发量与年份呈显著负相关,但径流和泥沙变化并没有增加,说明水土保持是引起径流量和泥沙量变化的主要原因。洪水径流量、年输沙量和洪水输沙量变化一致,与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量均呈显著正相关,而与水土保持措施面积呈不显著的负相关。     

宁夏水土保持及区划研究

简述了宁夏的生态环境，论述了宁夏水土保持的重要性及总体方向。根据宁夏生态环境状况，将其划分为5个水土保持区，即：①银川平原水土资源基本平衡区；②贺兰山森林草坡轻度流失区；③盐池-同心沙漠化草原中度流失区；④海原-固原草原强度流失区；⑤六盘山疏林草原中度流失区。为宁夏的水土保持、生态环境建设和区域经济发展提供了科学依据。     

Computation Method and for Thermal Transmittance of Glass Curtain walls Appllcation

The heat conduction characteristic of glass curtain wall was investigated. Based on one dimensional steady heat conduction theory, the numerical calculation model of glass system thermal transmittance was set up by using insulating glass as an example. Based on two dimensional steady heat conduction theory and finite element method, both the thermal transfer matrix and temperature load array of 3 DOFs triangular element were derived. Then the revised formulas about the heat transfer matrix and temperature load array under the boundary conditions of constant heat flux, heat convective, radiation and coupled of them were also derived. Then the numerical calculation models of glass curtain wall frame and linear thermal transmittance were set up. The program TJCW based on the Visual C++ and ObjectARX was developed for calculating the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall and was validated by contrast with the results calculated by thermal software LBNL. Finally, TJCW program was used to calculate and check the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall in a practical project. The results indicate that the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall can be calculated correctly by adopting the presented model, and the program based on this model can be used in energy conservation calculation and analysis in the actual projects.     

北京市水土流失重点防治区划分及防治对策

 北京山区水土流失严重,山洪、泥石流灾害时有发生。根据防护目的、土壤侵蚀强度和土壤侵蚀潜在危险度等,应用地理信息系统技术,采用人机交互判读分析方法,将水土流失防治区划分为重点预防保护区、重点监督区和重点治理区,并提出北京地区水土流失防治对策。     

邵武将石省级自然保护区兰科植物多样性及保护利用

初步统计,邵武将石省级自然保护区共有兰科植物34属64种(铁皮石斛及落叶兰为福建新记录种)。区内兰科植物生活类型多样,区系成分比较复杂,各种地理成分相互交错,渗透现象明显,以热带成分22属(含38种、占总属数64.7%)占优势,温带成分10属(含19种、占总属数29.4%)影响较大。调查发现,区内兰科植物花期重叠与交替现象明显,并存在种下异变。针对资源濒临绝迹现状,提出保护利用的对策。     

烟蚜天敌的利用与研究进展

烟蚜(Myzus persicae Sulzer)是重要的农作物害虫,在全国各烟区普遍发生,主要通过刺吸寄主汁液和传播病毒造成危害。对烟蚜主要天敌的研究利用进展进行了概述,并从天敌保育的角度,阐述了保育生物防治这策略在烟蚜防治上的应用。     

A new large‐scale and cost‐effective restoration method for cold‐water coral gardens

1. Gorgonians dwelling on the Mediterranean continental shelf are among the most frequent fishing bycatch taxa. These species display several traits, such as long lifespans and slow growth, which make them very vulnerable to the impacts caused by fishing activities with far‐reaching and long‐lasting effects.
2. Hence, restoration and mitigation actions are crucial to enhance and speed up the natural recovery of damaged cold‐water coral gardens. Given the growing concern to develop effective and affordable restoration actions, the present study aims to propose and technically validate a new large‐scale and cost‐effective restoration method.
3. This technique, named ‘badminton method', consists of attaching bycatch Eunicella cavolini colonies to cobble supports and returning them to the continental shelf by gently throwing the gorgonian transplants directly from a boat.
4. Two consecutive field experiments were conducted in order to find the best cobble type support and gorgonian size to be used: first, to evaluate the landing efficiency of gorgonian transplants at different depths (from 5 to 30 m) and second, to evaluate their capability to maintain a correct position over time.
5. Natural cobbles with large gorgonians attached were the best option. Field results and modelling approaches suggest that the transplants would correctly land on the continental shelf seabed in a predicted area of around 60 m². Moreover, they would successfully maintain an upright position ensuring gorgonian survival over time.
6. The success of this method highlights the feasibility of large‐scale and low‐cost restoration actions with promising results for the conservation and recovery of cold‐water coral gardens.

     

基于粪便纤维组织法探究异地驯养藏羚的食性

基于粪便纤维组织法探讨异地(铁卜加草原站)驯养藏羚的食性。结果表明,在基地生长的50种植物中,伊凡苔草、火绒草、川青早熟禾、洽草等是藏羚最喜爱食用植物,所占比例依次为18%、13%、11%和8%,其中伊凡苔草的茎、火绒草的叶、菥冥的果和迷果芹的花是其喜食部位。在基地驯养藏羚的食物组成中,各科所占比例依次为:禾本科(43%)莎草科(25%)菊科(14%)十字花科(7%)豆科(3%)。与可可西里地区类似,铁卜加地区藏羚以单子叶植物为主要食物。     

山西采煤产生的土地破坏及防治对策

山西是采煤大省,采煤引发的土地破坏问题相当突出。截至2005年,采煤破坏土地总面积已达1151.95km2。采煤矿区诱发的土地破坏形式主要表现为：（1）地表与地下水匮乏或缺失;（2）固体废弃物压占土地;（3）地表扰动层和松散堆积物表层水蚀风蚀严重,冲积物淤塞河道,影响行洪;（4）矿区崩塌、泻溜、地面塌陷、滑坡等重力侵蚀时有发生。治理采煤矿区土地破坏问题,要以贯彻落实土地复垦规定为核心,建立健全煤矿区土地保护监督管理机构,抓紧开发建设项目的土地保护方案审批和征收复垦费的环节,制订和落实土地保护的监督检查制度,全面生态恢复和重点治理相结合。