露地洋葱施肥、土壤养分及产量状况的分析研究

在农户调查和土壤测试相结合的基础上,分析了山东惠民县露地洋葱土壤养分状况、肥料投入及其对产量和养分平衡的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥农户占总调查户的44%,平均由有机肥带入的氮磷钾养分量分别为N 170kg hm-2、P2O5112 kg hm-2、K2O 223 kg hm-2。化肥氮、磷投入量较高,平均分别为N 458 kg hm-2和P2O5399 kg hm-2,是洋葱氮磷吸收量的4.0和6.0倍,化学钾肥不足(K2O 131 kg hm-2),占洋葱钾吸收量的55%。收获时0~30 cm土壤无机氮含量达到88 kg hm-2,O lsen-P(P)和速效钾(K)平均含量分别为25.5和104 mg kg-1。自春季返青前到收获期间,30~60 cm和60~90 cm土壤无机氮含量均有不同程度的提高,土壤氮表观损失量与氮素投入量呈显著直线相关,维持土壤氮素平衡的最大氮素供应量为290 kg hm-2。相关分析表明,无论是氮、钾化肥投入量还是各阶段土壤无机氮、速效钾含量都与洋葱产量无显著相关,而磷肥用量及0~30 cm土壤剖面O lsen-P含量与产量有显著正相关(p<0.05)。     

不同品种水稻产量形成过程的养分积累与分配特征研究

通过测定三系杂交稻"汕优63"、两系杂交稻"两优2186"和常规稻"IR64"不同器官N、P和K含量动态,探讨了3种水稻各生育期的养分积累与分配特征。结果表明:3种水稻稻株N含量均随生长过程逐渐下降,同一生育期水稻N含量以"汕优63"最高;除"汕优63"K含量在齐穗时明显上升外,3种水稻的K含量随生长过程逐渐下降;而P含量总体上在分蘖盛期最高。完熟期3种水稻的N积累量依次为24.79g/m2、15.14g/m2和14.42g/m2,P积累量为4.766g/m2、3.306g/m2和3.678g/m2,K积累量为2.439g/m22、.029g/m2和1.725g/m2。"汕优63"分配到籽粒中的N素比例为61.23%,分别比"两优2186"、"IR64"高17.97%和11.23%;分配到籽粒中的P素比例为62.97%,分别比"两优2186"、"IR64"高6.41%和9.63%;分配到籽粒中的K素比例为27.51%,分别比"两优2186"、"IR64"低3.00%和2.39%。在全生育期中,"汕优63"、"两优2186"和"IR64"的N需求量依次为31.33g/m2、22.88 g/m2、24.82g/m2,N、P、K吸收比依次为1∶0.192∶0.098、1∶0.219∶0.134和1∶0.255∶0.120。3种水稻中"汕优63"的养分生产效率最低。N、P、K生产效率"汕优63"依次为37.25kg/kg、193.80kg/kg和378.80kg/kg,"两优2186"依次为52.54 kg/kg、240.38kg/kg和392.16kg/kg,"IR64"依次为58.38kg/kg、228.83kg/kg和487.80kg/kg。三系杂交稻"汕优63"的N、P、K需求量大,积累量高,分配到籽粒中的比例亦高,与其高产特性相吻合。在保证N、P、K供给的前提下,进一步提高养分生产效率是实现"汕优63"高产、高效的关键。     

Kinetic Parameters of Gross N Mineralization of Peat Soils as Related to the Composition of Soil Organic Matter

Peat land has been considered as an alternative type of land for agricultural development especially in the tropics. In the present study, the N-supplying capacity, one of the most important soil properties in terms of crop production, of peat soils was examined. Ten peat soil samples were collected from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Japan. Gross N mineralization in the soil samples was estimated using a zero-order model, and kinetic parameters of mineralization were determined using a simple type model. Soil organic matter composition was investigated using ¹³C CPMAS NMR. Mineralization potential ( N ₀), apparent activation energy ( E _a), and mineralization rate constant ( k ) ranged between 571–2,445 mg kg⁻¹, 281–8,181 J mol⁻¹, and 0.009–0.020 d⁻¹, respectively. Although none of the parameters showed a significant correlation with the soil C/N ratio, a negative correlation was observed between the k value and the ratio of the proportion of alkyl C in total C to that of O -alkyl C estimated by ¹³C CPMAS NMR. The latter suggested that the k values were higher in the peat soils relatively rich in readily decomposable organic matter including carbohydrates.     

Irrigation practices may affect denitrification more than nitrogen mineralization in warm climatic conditions

Predicting the impact of irrigation practices on soil N mineralization and N balance is an important issue to optimize N fertilization and reduce the N losses towards the environment. The effect of summer irrigation on N dynamics was investigated in two arable fields in Southern France. Net N mineralization was assessed by combining frequent measurements of water and mineral N contents in soil and the use of a calculation model (LIXIM). It was first calculated assuming that denitrification was negligible. This hypothesis led to inconsistent results, apparent net N mineralized being smaller under irrigated than non-irrigated conditions and net mineralization kinetics being erratic. The occurrence of denitrification was confirmed by the use of ¹⁵NO₃ tracing in an experiment carried out in summer, including three irrigated treatments. The average ¹⁵N recovery varied from 45% to 85% and was smallest in the most frequently irrigated treatment. Over the 8-week experiment, the N losses varied from 30 to 38 kg ha⁻¹ in the irrigated treatments. They were satisfactorily simulated by a simple denitrification model (NEMIS). Combining the LIXIM model and the simulated or calculated denitrification allowed to predict satisfactorily the evolution of soil mineral N accounting for the effects of temperature and moisture. The net N mineralized for 8 weeks varied from 34 kg N ha⁻¹ in the un-irrigated to 46 kg N ha⁻¹ in the irrigated treatments. The drying–rewetting cycles did not induce a flush of N mineralization. Our results suggest that denitrification has to be accounted for in irrigated systems, particularly in warm conditions and when the topsoil contains high nitrate contents.     

基于GIS与GPS的中国农村精准施肥的方法研究

在利用GIS和GPS研究土壤养分空间变异的基础上,以农户作为精准施肥的单元,探讨在中国农村进行精准施肥的途径。结果表明,不同农户地块养分存在一定空间变异性,由此导致相邻农户施肥量存在差异性,而采用农户为单元的施肥推荐既可以避免土壤养分空间变异造成的推荐施肥偏差,又可考虑中国农村分散经营的实际的状况,从而使土壤养分管理更加精细化。     

氮肥施用对柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化的影响

土壤有机碳矿化是土壤向大气释放CO2的最大净输出途径,其与植被的净初级生产力的差值是判断生态系统碳“源”或“汇”的关键。采用室内模拟试验,在10、20、30℃ 3个温度条件下,研究施肥施用对柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明：3种温度处理下,各施氮处理土壤有机碳矿化速率都表现为培养前期快速下降,培养后期保持相对稳定的趋势。在整个培养过程中,3种温度条件下各施氮处理的土壤CO2累积排放量为1328.25~2219.42 mg/kg,100 mg/kg（N4）处理土壤有机碳矿化量最大,CK处理最低,100 mg/kg（N4）和80 mg/kg（N3）2个高氮处理显著高于低氮50 mg/kg（N2）、30 mg/kg（N1）处理。土壤有机碳矿化速率随温度升高而增长,不同的土壤施氮条件下土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性不同,N2处理土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性最低,N4处理最高。柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化受高施氮量影响较大,低施氮影响不明显。随着施氮量的增加土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性增加,氮肥施用和温度的共同作用可能使柑橘林向大气中排放的CO2增加。     

规模化畜禽养殖场粪便养分数据空间化表征方法

针对目前进行规模化养殖场粪便养分分配,主要以行政单元为单位将规模化养殖统计数据总量按农田面积简单分配,认为所有的农用地之间都是均匀的,而忽视了农用地块之间存在差异性的问题,利用GIS空间分析技术,结合农用地地块间的空间差异性以及规模养殖畜禽粪便作为肥料施用的特殊性,构建了规模化畜禽养殖统计数据空间化算法,并结合农用地最大养分负荷,实现从规模畜禽养殖统计数据到区域畜禽粪便养分供给的空间化转换,最后以福州市闽侯县上街镇为例进行了算法的实际应用。结果表明研究区农用地氮、磷最大养分负荷分别为169.994 kg/hm2和34.973 kg/hm2。无论是畜禽养殖粪便氮养分还是磷养分,都未超过算法设定的阈值。     

粉煤灰和猪粪好氧混合堆肥过程中养分转化研究

以猪粪为堆肥原材料,以玉米秸秆粉为调理剂,并添加干质量分数为0、2.5％、5.0％、7.5％和10％的粉煤灰进行90 d好氧堆肥,研究不同用量粉煤灰对猪粪堆肥过程中养分转化的影响。结果表明：添加粉煤灰能提高堆体的pH值,但在后期对电导率（EC）的增加有一定的抑制;碳氮比随着堆肥时间的延长而降低,而总氮（TN）则相反;当粉煤灰质量分数达10%时,在60d后堆体TN明显降低;添加粉煤灰对NH+4-N无明显影响,而所有添加粉煤灰均会抑制堆肥中NO3-N 的生成,且与粉煤灰用量呈正相关;添加粉煤灰对总磷（TP）和总钾（TK）的影响不大,但会抑制雪里蕻根部的生长。结合发芽率试验结果可以认为,90 d的试验中所添加的粉煤灰对猪粪堆肥的腐熟没有影响。     

基于SALTMOD模型的灌溉水矿化度对土壤盐分的影响

以河套灌区沙壕渠灌域为例,运用SALTMOD模型探讨了区域尺度灌溉水矿化度对根层土壤盐分的影响。结果表明,根层土壤盐分随灌溉水矿化度的增大而增加,加大排水沟深度和提高渠道衬砌水平可缓解高矿化度灌溉水对土壤积盐的影响;采用地下微咸水和黄河水混合灌溉可有效控制盐渍化的发展,混合比在1∶1范围内时,根层土壤处于脱盐状态,最高脱盐率为23%,脱盐率高于引用黄河水灌溉的脱盐率(4%)。因此,适度利用地下微咸水灌溉,可有效的控制地下水位,节约淡水资源。     

Use of saline aquaculture wastewater to irrigate salt-tolerant Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower in semiarid coastal zones of China

In 2004 and 2005, the feasibility of agricultural use of saline aquaculture wastewater for irrigation of Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower was conducted in the Laizhou region using saline aquaculture wastewater mixed with brackish groundwater at different ratios. Six treatments with different electrical conductivities (EC) were included in the experiment: CK1 (rainfed), CK2 (irrigation with freshwater, EC of 0.02 dS m⁻¹), and saline aquaculture wastewater (EC of 39.2 dS m⁻¹) mixed with brackish groundwater (EC of 4.4 dS m⁻¹) at volumetric ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 with corresponding EC of 22.0, 16.1, 13.2, and 11.4 dS m⁻¹. Soil electrical conductivity (ECe) in the saline aquaculture wastewater irrigation treatments was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than that in the rainfed or freshwater irrigation treatments, and the maximum value occurred in the 22.0 dS m⁻¹ treatment. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ranged from 4.1 to 11.7 mmol^1/2 L^−1/2 and increased with decreasing salinity of irrigation water. The biomass of Jerusalem artichoke significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) when irrigated with saline aquaculture wastewater compared to the rainfed or freshwater irrigation treatments; however, the effect of salinity on root biomass was much smaller than the aerial parts. Concomitantly, the highest tuber yield of Jerusalem artichoke occurred in the 11.4 dS m⁻¹ treatment, while the highest seed yield of sunflower occurred in the rainfed treatment. Additionally, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of Jerusalem artichoke were significantly higher in the 11.4 dS m⁻¹ treatment than the other treatments. This study demonstrated that properly diluted saline aquaculture wastewater can be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher economic yield and nutrient removal, but not sunflower due to the difference in salt tolerance.