Interactions of organic phosphorus with soil minerals and the associated environmental impacts: A review

As an important part of the soil phosphorus(P) pool, organic P(OP) is widely found in terrestrial and aquatic environments(e.g., soils and sediments).The interfacial behavior of OP on natural minerals affects the transport, transformation, and bioavailability of P in the environment. This paper reviews the processes involving adsorption-desorption, dissolution-precipitation, and enzymatic/mineral-mediated hydrolysis of OP at the mineral-water interface, and their subsequent effects on OP speciat...     

不同年限稻田红壤发生层土壤磷的固持容量及其释放潜能研究

以江西鹰潭孙家典型红壤小流域中期稻田(MP)、新稻田(NP)与老稻田(OP)的发生层土壤为研究对象，基于吸附-解吸实验与结构方程模型，分析了稻田红壤各发生层土壤磷的固持能力(PSI)、最大固持容量(MCSP)及释放潜能的变化差异与影响因子，明确了固定态磷的释放机制与流失风险。结果表明：随发生层深度的增加，稻田红壤PSI及MCSP逐渐增大，二者变化分别为：MP > NP > OP与NP > MP > OP；但稻田红壤发生层中电性吸附态磷(CaCl2-P)及OP剖面专性吸附态磷(EDTA-P)逐渐降低，而MP剖面和NP剖面的EDTA-P以及稻田红壤发生层的残留态磷(Red-P)则相反；OP剖面发生层CaCl2-P与EDTA-P的比值随发生层深度的增加呈逐渐升高趋势，且显著高于MP和NP剖面。结构方程模型分析结果表明，土壤有机质、全磷、pH和铁铝氧化物之间相互作用且协同调控着稻田红壤的磷吸附位点数量及其吸附-解吸能力。稻田红壤水耕层(Ap层)土壤吸磷能力弱、释磷能力强，土壤磷流失风险大；而氧化还原层(Br)和母质层(C)土壤吸磷能力强、释磷能力弱，土壤磷固持容量大。与新稻田和中期稻田剖面相比，老稻田发生层土壤中吸附态磷更难以向专性吸附态磷及残留态磷转化，土壤磷流失风险相对较大，需及时采取相应的调控措施。     

元件非线性对拖拉机—挂车机组平顺性的影响

分析了轮胎刚度和阻尼非线性特性，车轮跳离地面现象、座椅减振器非线性阻尼特性和挂钩间隙与板簧的非线性特性对拖拉机－挂车机组平顺性的影响，从而进一步说明了在拖拉机－挂机机组的振动分析中，把轮胎、座减振器，挂钩和板簧作为非线性元件来处理的必要性。     

两级同轴环式减速机的耦合非线性动态特性

环式减速机在使用过程中常出现振动、噪声、发热等问题，因此设计了一种两级同轴环式减速机，对其结构特点及传动原理进行了分析，在综合考虑齿轮系统时变刚度、齿侧间隙和制造误差的基础上，建立了该减速机的齿轮一转子一支承全系统耦合非线性动力学模型，在考虑系统内部激励的情况下对该耦合系统动态特性进行了研究，验证了该结构的合理性。     

Effect of coffee husk and cocoa pods biochar on phosphorus fixation and release processes in acid soils from West Cameroon

Acid soil in West Cameroon has limited phosphorus (P) availability which limits plant growth. This is mainly because of low pH, high levels of exchangeable aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) and fixation of P. In this study, acid soils, sampled in Bafang, were amended with biochar produced from coffee husks (CH) and cocoa pod husks (CP) at two different temperatures (350 and 550 °C) in other to evaluate the effect on the physicochemical properties of the acid soil and the effect on P sorption and desorption. The soil was amended with biochar at a rate of 0, 20, 40 and 80 g/kg and incubated for 7 and 60 days. Physicochemical properties of all soil–biochar samples were determined followed by sorption experiments and data fitted in the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models in other to evaluate soil P sorption capacity and its affinity to soil amended with biochar. Moreover, desorption studies were done to evaluate the availability of P in soil amended with biochar after sorption. The outcomes of this study reveal an increase in soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), available P, soil organic carbon and a drastic decrease in exchangeable Al and Fe. The point of zero charge of biochar-amended soil was higher than the control and increased with amendment rate. The experimental data of the sorption of P on soils and soil–biochar samples fits into Langmuir and Freundlich models (R² > 0.9) suggesting that the P adsorption is controlled by both model mechanisms. Soil–biochar mixture results in a decrease in the sorption capacity as compared with the control and the decrease was predominant with increasing amendment rate. At amendment rates of 20, 40 and 80 g/kg after 7 days of incubation, $Q_{\max }$ for SCH350 were 2267, 2048 and 1823 mg/kg which increased to 2407, 2112 and 1990 mg/kg after 60 days of incubation. This tendency was observed for all biochar inputs with respect to the increase in incubation days. Furthermore, desorption of P from soil–biochar mixtures was enhanced with biochar added at greater rate and produced at higher temperature. The desorption percentage was increased by more than around 10% for all biochar types from 20 mg/kg to 80 mg/kg amendment. Thus, biochar addition to acid soils reduces P fixation to acid soil and improves P desorption to soil solution, thereby providing more available P in the soil solution and better conditions for plant growth.