Effects of Potassium Fertilizing Rates on Yield,Fiber Quality and Potassium Use Efficiency of Three Hybrid Cotton Cultivars

在大田试验条件下,研究施钾量对杂交棉金102、湘杂棉8号、泗阳328的产量和品质及钾肥利用效率的影响。结果表明：施钾（K2O）量为135～270 kg/hm2,可增加皮棉产量39.13%～57.48%,达极显著水平;单株成铃数、单铃重、衣分分别提高14.24%～40.29%、3.59%～15.51%、0.16%～4.89%;纤维长度、比强度随施钾量增加而增加,对麦克隆值无显著影响。施钾量由135 kg/hm2增加至270 kg/hm2时,钾肥偏生产力（PFPk）降低45.93%～48.01%,钾肥农学效率（AEk）降低37.0%～42.9%。金102的钾肥农学效率（AEk）最高,施钾增产效果最好;泗阳328耐低钾胁迫能力最强,不施钾肥时,皮棉产量分别较湘杂棉8号、金102高5.54%、11.19%。     

不同供钾水平对西瓜幼苗生长和根系形态的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究5个供钾水平(0、60 kg.hm 2、240 kg.hm 2、500 kg.hm 2和700 kg.hm 2)下西瓜苗期生长指标和根系形态参数的变化。结果显示:240 kg.hm 2钾浓度下,西瓜幼苗茎鲜重、叶鲜重、茎干重、叶干重、子叶面积、茎粗、株高、根长、比根长、表面积、根体积、根尖数和根平均直径分别比不施钾处理增长46.05%、31.31%、57.56%、29.87%、2.92%、12.71%、37.18%、67.23%、64.00%、64.03%、58.88%、154.11%和6.25%。700 kg.hm 2钾浓度下,西瓜幼苗茎鲜重、叶鲜重、茎干重、叶干重、子叶面积、茎粗和株高比240kg.hm 2钾浓度处理分别降低40.24%、25.31%、36.90%、23.08%、31.09%、9.81%和41.44%。700 kg.hm 2钾肥处理对西瓜幼苗根系生长的抑制作用不明显。所有处理的西瓜幼苗直径≤1.0 mm的根长占总量的90%以上,直径≤0.5 mm的根尖数占总量的98%以上;直径≤2.0 mm的比根长、根体积和根表面积占总量的50%以上;钾素对西瓜幼苗直径≤2.0 mm、2.5 mm<直径≤3.0 mm、3.5 mm<直径≤4.0 mm的根长、比根长、根表面积、根体积影响最明显。由于细根的吸收活力比较强,而西瓜细根所占比例最大,因此缺钾条件下,西瓜幼苗钾营养状况受到的影响较根系生长受到的影响更为严重。适宜的钾浓度有利于西瓜幼苗的生长,提高幼苗的生长质量,促进根系的生长发育,而不施钾和高钾处理会抑制幼苗的生长,但高钾对根系生长的抑制作用不明显。在本试验条件下,综合考虑经济因素,240 kg.hm 2钾肥施用量对西瓜幼苗生长和根系形态建成效果最明显。     

Nitric acid dissolution and multi‐element analysis of soils and sediments by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry

Abstract

A method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of P, K, Cu, Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn and Pb in soils and sediments by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP) after digestion in nitric acid. The procedure extracted 82 to 94% of the totals of the heavy metals, 78% of total P and 34% of total K. Inter‐element interference correction data are given for the ICP method. The method gave results similar to those obtained by other analytical procedures. The precision of the method was satisfactory but was lowest for Cd which had the lowest concentrations (<2.7 mg/kg) of the elements determined.     

Release Kinetics of Nonexchangeable Potassium by Different Extractants from Soils of Varying Mineralogy and Depth

Abstract

Nonexchangeable potassium (K) release kinetics of six major benchmark soil series of India as affected by mineralogy of clay and silt fractions, soil depth and extraction media was investigated. The cumulative release of nonexchangeable K was greater in smectitic soils (353 mg K kg^?1 at 0‐ to 15‐cm depth and 296 mg K kg^?1 at 15‐ to 30‐cm depth, averaged for 2 soils and 3 extractants) than in illitic (151 mg K kg^?1 at 0‐ to 15‐cm depth and 112 mg K kg^?1 at 15‐ to 30‐cm depth) and kaolinitic (194 mg K kg^?1 at 0‐ to 15‐cm depth and 167 mg K kg^?1 at 15‐ to 30‐cm depth) soils. Surface soils exhibited larger cumulative K release in smectitic and illitic soils, whereas subsurface soils had larger K release in kaolinitic soils. Among the extractants, 0.01 M citric acid extracted a larger amount of nonexchangeable K followed by 0.01 M CaCl₂ and 0.01 M HCl. The efficiency of citric acid extractant was greater in illitic soils than in smectitic and kaolinitic soils. Release kinetics of nonexchangeable K conformed fairly well to parabolic and first‐order kinetic models. The curve pattern of parabolic diffusion model suggested diffusion controlled kinetics in all the soils, with a characteristic initial fast rate up to 7 h followed by a slower rate. Greater nonexchangeable K release rates in smectitic soils, calculated from the first‐order equation (b=91.13×10^?4 h^?1), suggested that the layer edge and wedge zones and swelling nature of clay facilitated the easier exchange. In contrast to smectitic soils, higher release rate constants obtained from parabolic diffusion equation (b=39.23×10^?3 h^?1) in illitic soils revealed that the low amount of exchangeable K on clay surface and larger amount of interlayer K allowed greater diffusion gradients, thus justifying the better fit of first‐order kinetic equation in smectitic soils and parabolic diffusion equation in illitic soils.     

Studies on the mineral nutrition of grain sorghum. III. Populations of the common two spotted spider mite on grain sorghum grown on various levels of N,P and K

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment showed a positive relationship between N, P and K levels in the nutritional solution and the leaves and spider mite development on grain sorghum. In the absence of N or P only small populations of mites develop and in the absence of K no mites were observed. Levels of 2,10% 11, 0.18% P and 1,20% K in the leaves were the minimal values to allow large spider mite populations do develop.     

Use of Potassium Fertilization to Ameliorate the Adverse Effects of Saline-sodic Stress Condition (ECw: SARw Levels) in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

ABSTRACT

Salt-affected soils expand around the world and become a critical handicap for high crop yield. Saline-sodic soil contributed a major portion in salt-affected soils. Such types of soils have a sizable amount of Na⁺ in nutrient medium and that reduce the K⁺ uptake in plants. A hydroponic experiment was performed to investigate the ameliorative effect of different doses of potassium fertilizer (K₁ = 0.3, K₂ = 0.6 and K₃ = 1.2 mM L^?1) on rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different EC_w (6 dS m^?1) and SAR_w [12 and 24 (mmol L^?1)^1/2] levels. Application of K⁺ at elevated levels under saline-sodic conditions improved the concentration of anti-oxidant enzymes, plant physiological, and biochemical attributes by improving the K⁺: Na⁺ ratio in plant tissues. Total phenolic content, total soluble protein, and soluble sugar content of rice plant were increased with an increase in potassium dose and saline-sodicity. Maximum K⁺: Na⁺ ratios, 4.13 and 2.0 were observed in shoot and root, respectively upon application of K⁺ at 1.2 mM L^?1 in a solution having EC_w: SAR_w level of 6: 12. This study suggested that application of potassium at elevated levels (1.2 mM L^?1) has enhanced the rice growth by reducing the harmful effect of Na⁺ salts on plant physiology, biochemical attributes, and anti-oxidant enzymes under specific saline-sodic conditions.     

A Homozygous KCNJ10 Mutation in Jack Russell Terriers and Related Breeds with Spinocerebellar Ataxia with Myokymia,Seizures, or Both

Background

Juvenile‐onset spinocerebellar ataxia has been recognized in Jack Russell Terriers and related Russell group terriers (RGTs) for over 40 years. Ataxia occurs with varying combinations of myokymia, seizures, and other signs of neurologic disease. More than 1 form of the disease has been suspected.

Hypothesis/Objectives

The objective was to identify the mutation causing the spinocerebellar ataxia associated with myokymia, seizures, or both and distinguish the phenotype from other ataxias in the RGTs.

Animals

DNA samples from 16 RGTs with spinocerebellar ataxia beginning from 2 to 12 months of age, 640 control RGTs, and 383 dogs from 144 other breeds along with the medical records of affected dogs were studied.

Methods

This case‐control study compared the frequencies of a KCNJ10 allele in RGTs with spinocerebellar ataxia versus control RGTs. This allele was identified in a whole‐genome sequence of a single RGT with spinocerebellar ataxia and myokymia by comparison to whole‐genome sequences from 81 other canids that were normal or had other diseases.

Results

A missense mutation in the gene coding for the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1 (KCNJ10:c.627C>G) was significantly (P < .001) associated with the disease. Dogs homozygous for the mutant allele all had spinocerebellar ataxia with varying combinations of myokymia and seizures.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Identification of the KCNJ10 mutation in dogs with spinocerebellar ataxia with myokymia, seizures, or both clarifies the multiple forms of ataxia seen in these breeds and provides a DNA test to identify carriers.     

Effects of Applying Potassium,Zeolite and Vermiculite on the Radiocesium Uptake by Rice Plants Grown in Paddy FieldSoils Collected from Fukushima Prefecture

Abstract

Radionuclides were released into the environment as a consequence of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident that occurred on 11 March 2011. Radiocesium at an abnormal concentration was detected in brown rice produced in paddy fields located in northern part of Fukushima Prefecture. We examined several hypotheses that could potentially explain the excessive radiocesium level in brown rice in some of the paddy fields, including (i) low exchangeable potassium content of the soil, (ii) low sorption sites for cesium (Cs) in the soil, and (iii) radiocesium enrichment of water that is flowing into the paddy fields from surrounding forests. The results of experiments using pots with contaminated soil indicated that the concentration of radiocesium in rice plants was decreased by applying potassium or clay minerals such as zeolite and vermiculite. The obtained results indicated that high concentrations of radiocesium in rice are potentially a result of the low exchangeable potassium and sorption sites for Cs in the soils. Application of potassium fertilizer and clay minerals should provide an effective countermeasure for reducing radiocesium uptake by plants. Radiocesium-enriched water produced by leaching contaminated leaf litter was used to irrigate rice plants in the cultivation experiments. The results indicated that the radiocesium concentrations in rice plants increased when the radiocesium-enriched water was applied to the potted rice plants. This indicated the possibility that the radiocesium levels in brown rice will increase if the nuclide is transported with water into the rice paddy fields from surrounding forests.     

基于有机肥料新标准的有机质测定方法分析

选取不同种类的有机肥料,分别用灼烧法、NY 525-2002和NY 525-2012中的重铬酸钾氧化法测定有机质含量,比较不同检测方法测得有机质结果,分析了检测影响因素及有机肥料新标准与旧标准在测量结果上的差异,并做了加标回收率试验。结果表明,有机肥料新标准中,重铬酸钾溶液浓度虽然从原来的0.3 mol/L提高到0.4 mol/L,但随着浓硫酸浓度的大幅降低(从65%降低至49%),其氧化能力也随之减弱,在不乘氧化校正系数的前提下,测得有机质均小于旧标准所测值,下降幅度为1.08%～14.47%。根据肥料所含还原物质的量及氧化难易程度差别,不同种类有机肥料氧化校正系数范围为1.24～1.54,计算结果统一乘以1.5,会导致一部分有机质数据偏高,甚至超过100%。